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List and describe the various types of presentation aids a speaker could use to clarify his or her message. Based on what you have learned in this chapter, what would you recommend as some guidelines for creating good presentation aids and for using them well during a presentation?

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Lindsay is a fairly typical student in an introductory speech class. Her anxiety about giving speeches is by no means crippling, but she doesn't feel especially confident about her abilities. Based on what you've learned in this chapter, what advice would you give to help Lindsay build her self-confidence?

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Ideal answers will identify that Lindsay...

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List and define the four methods of speech delivery. Describe any advantages or disadvantages each method holds for speakers. For each method, identify a context in which that method of delivery would be appropriate.

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•Manuscripted-Speech is written out word for word and read. Good for occasions in which the speech needs to be worded very specifically because of possible repercussions and because it will be quoted, but it is time-consuming to write and edit and the speaker runs the risk of disconnecting with the audience. •Memorized-The speech is written in manuscript form and then committed to memory. This method is rarely used today because it is so time-consuming and risky to deliver. Most speakers find it difficult to recover from a simple mistake. •Impromptu-The speech is delivered without advance warning or an opportunity to prepare. The delivery is very fresh and responsive to the audience, but such a speech is difficult to organize and deliver smoothly. •Extemporaneous-The speaker plans and practices in advance and then delivers the speech from brief notes. It is the preferred method for most speakers because it allows for full preparation without the time commitment it would take to write a manuscript but also allows the speaker to create the spontaneous and conversational delivery style of an impromptu speech.

"It's not just what you say, but also how you say it." With this expression in mind, explain how nonverbal elements of vocal delivery help to make a message clear.

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Ideal answers will reflect an understanding that although the words we choose (verbal communication) are important, the way we say them (nonverbal communication) is just as important, if not more so, to our success. Our vocal delivery can engage our audience and can convey confidence and trustworthiness. Students should reflect on the role of pitch, volume, rate, pronunciation, articulation, and use of pauses.

Synthesizing what you have learned throughout this chapter, what advice would you give Alex, who is preparing to give a speech in class and planning to use PowerPoint as a presentation aid? Specifically, what would you remind Alex about vocal and physical delivery, about presentation aid usage, and about practicing the speech? Answer Key

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Imagine that you've finished this course, have done well, and have been hired to tutor students who are taking a course similar to this one. What would you say to help them understand the importance of effective speech delivery, as well as to help them learn how to deliver their presentations more effectively?

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Impromptu speaking is difficult to do effectively. How can a speaker prepare himself or herself to speak effectively in this context?

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Ideal answers will incorporate the following advice: •Acknowledge and restate or rephrase the question or the issue as you see it to give yourself a few seconds to think. Respond with a simple organizational pattern reflecting advantages/disadvantages, cause/effect, or issues or problems you note, or by giving reasons why you agree or disagree. •Listen to others so that you can reflect back on what they have said and either build off of another's statement, refute another's statement, or use what someone else has said to substantiate what you are about to say. •Anticipate opportunities to speak so that you are not confronted with truly impromptu speaking contexts but instead are prepared to speak in a more extemporaneous manner.

We've all heard the saying, "Practice makes perfect," but you've learned in this chapter that there are effective and also not-so-effective ways to practice. Synthesizing what you have learned throughout this chapter (and, quite possibly, others), explain what you understand to be effective methods of practicing for a speech.

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Effective practice begins with the speak...

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