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Which of the following statements is NOT true about the misinformation effect?


A) The misinformation effect can be reduced by warning witnesses,by explicitly saying that a piece of information was incorrect.
B) Trained psychologists can distinguish false memories from real memories.
C) Witnesses are especially likely to incorporate misleading information into their memories when they believe the questioner to be well informed.
D) Both adults and children may fall victim to the misinformation effect.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for increasing the accuracy of eyewitnesses and jurors?


A) Train police interviewers to elicit unbiased accounts.
B) Educate jurors about the factors influencing eyewitness testimony.
C) Ask witnesses to scan a lineup of several mug shots simultaneously rather than one at a time.
D) Use scripted and neutral questions during lineups so there are no subtle demands of identification.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Who is most likely to make an accurate identification?


A) Andy,who is shown an array of mug shots and asked to stop,think,and analytically compare their faces
B) Phil,who makes his identification in less than 10 seconds
C) Ken,who spends 5 minutes looking through mug shots before making his identification
D) Vinny,who is asked to identify someone of a different race

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following is an example of compliant confession?


A) Jason confesses that he and his partner committed economic fraud after he is given a false news that his partner has confessed to committing the fraud.
B) Lia confesses that she drove the car that was involved in a car crash after seeing a media report on the accident.
C) Adrian confesses to committing a crime after being deprived of food and sleep for three days.
D) Katie confesses that she saw her spouse commit a murder after being told that he has been accused of such crimes earlier.

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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Nearly all the states in the United States now have "________" statutes that prohibit or limit testimony concerning a rape victim's prior sexual activity.


A) inadmissible rape testimony
B) rape denial
C) rape shield
D) no

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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Research on the memories of young children indicates that they:


A) are better at remembering verbal details than visual details.
B) can reliably separate real from false memories.
C) are especially susceptible to misinformation.
D) do not react to misinformation.

E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

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Compared with all-White mock juries,racially mixed mock juries have been found to:


A) express more leniency.
B) express less openness to a wide range of information.
C) be harsher in sentencing.
D) be more susceptible to group polarization.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Which of the following is true about juries?


A) Larger juries are less likely to recall trial testimony accurately.
B) Twelve-person juries are twice as likely as six-person juries to have hung verdicts.
C) Larger juries are less likely to reach "correct" verdicts.
D) Psychologically speaking,a jury split 10 to 2 is equivalent to a jury split 5 to 1.

E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

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City police found that Mr.Caldwell,an eyewitness to a murder in a local bank,correctly remembered many trivial details of the crime scene,including the specific time on the clock and the paintings on the wall.Research findings suggest that Mr.Caldwell's recall of trivial details means:


A) it is more likely that he can also correctly identify the murderer.
B) it is less likely that he can also correctly identify the murderer.
C) nothing in terms of his ability to correctly identify the murderer.
D) it is more likely that he can also correctly identify the murderer,provided Mr.Caldwell is also highly educated.

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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