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Which of the following explains the relationship between depression and negative thinking?


A) Depressed moods do not cause negative thinking.
B) Negative thinking always causes major depression.
C) Depression and negative thinking are unrelated in laboratory experiments.
D) Depressed moods can cause negative thinking and vice versa.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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The placebo effect refers to:


A) the healing power of believing that one is getting an effective treatment.
B) the interpretation of negative events as being stable,global,and internally caused.
C) the breakdown of negative,self-defeating thoughts.
D) the overestimation of the extent to which other people are watching oneself.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Chronically lonely people tend to blame _____ for their poor social relationships.


A) their parents and early childhood experiences
B) the uncaring attitudes of those present around them
C) themselves
D) cultural changes

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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The study,assessment,and treatment of people with psychological difficulties is known as:


A) developmental psychology.
B) comparative psychology.
C) biopsychology.
D) clinical psychology.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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According to Martin Seligman (1991,1998,2002) ,what is the cause of the high levels of depression in the Western world?


A) illusory correlations
B) self-focus and self-blame
C) close relationship with friends and relatives
D) lack of exercise

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Research by Haemmerlie and Montgomery (1986) supported the notion that social skills training can lead shy men to:


A) become dependent on their therapist.
B) reduce their social anxiety.
C) increase their level of nervousness.
D) become more shy six months after treatment.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Sylvia often tends to attribute failures in different events to internal causes stating that it is all her fault and it will affect her in other events too.This is an example of _____.


A) defensive pessimism
B) the self-presentation theory
C) confirmation bias
D) depressive explanatory style

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Explaining failures and setbacks in terms of factors that are stable,global,and internal is a _____ explanatory style.


A) negative
B) positive
C) realistic
D) repressive

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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Which is NOT an example of how emotions are linked with illness?


A) Heart disease has been linked with a competitive,anger-prone personality.
B) Depression is linked with heart disease.
C) Anger,depression,and stress are heartfelt emotions.
D) Stress decreases the production of inflammation-producing proteins.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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In Rosenhan's study (1973) ,clinicians who dealt with pseudopatients who had faked symptoms to get into mental hospitals demonstrated the error of:


A) projection bias.
B) hindsight bias.
C) self-handicapping.
D) impact bias.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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