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Ralph White reviewed ten wars from the last century and reported that each was marked by at least one misperception. Which of the following was NOT on this list?


A) underestimating the enemy's strength
B) overestimating the leaders' power
C) demonizing the enemy
D) rationalizing one's own motives

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Compare and contrast the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons.

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The Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy o...

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Osgood's (1980) GRIT strategy is an alternative that best fits into the _____ category of the "four Cs of peacemaking."


A) contact
B) conciliation
C) communication
D) correction

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Some noncapitalist cultures define justice not as equity but as


A) regulation of resources.
B) fulfillment of need.
C) attainment of social objectives.
D) accomplishment of goals.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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In the Tragedy of the Commons, the "commons" refers to


A) disputed border territory.
B) stolen goods or winnings.
C) any jointly used, finite resource.
D) private property that repeatedly changes ownership.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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The fact that, in New York City, divorce rates dropped in the aftermath of 9/11 is an example of


A) improved cooperation resulting from desegregation.
B) cohesiveness as a result of a common external threat.
C) justification for poor performance.
D) heightened paranoia.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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A goal that overrides people's differences from one another is called a(n)


A) superior goal.
B) superordinate goal.
C) ingroup goal.
D) independent goal.

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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Who is most likely to suffer from low self-esteem?


A) Manuel who has a bicultural identity
B) Sarah who has a marginal identity
C) Phil who has a strong ethnic identity but low cultural identity
D) Angela who has a weak ethnic identity but a strong cultural identity

E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

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Christina and Massimo have been saving money since they got married. Now Massimo wants to buy a new car, but Christina wants to continue saving for a new house. Massimo and Christina


A) are experiencing conflict.
B) are experiencing harmony.
C) have mirror-image perceptions.
D) are developing superordinate goals.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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The Republic of Fredonia believes its long-time enemy, the Kingdom of Franistan, is aggressive, greedy, and impulsive. On the other hand, Franistan believes Fredonia is hostile, selfish, and unpredictable. This is an example of


A) an inequitable relationship.
B) a zero-sum relationship.
C) mirror-image perceptions.
D) reciprocal illusions.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Racers and Riders are two different groups in a college. Racers is a White male group, and Riders is a Hispanic male group. Their teacher asks them to be part of a group discussion on current affairs. According to research done by Ananthi Al Ramiah and Miles Hewstone, as their verbal contact increases, their _____ decreases.


A) anxiety
B) cohesiveness
C) empathy
D) knowledge

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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When teaching the American Revolution unit in his history class, Mr. Jones divides his class into groups with racially and academically diverse members. Each group member is then assigned to become the "expert" on one part of the lesson (e.g., the Boston Tea Party, George Washington, etc.) . At the end of the week, each expert would teach that section to the rest of the group. This is an example of


A) a jigsaw classroom.
B) a superordinate goal.
C) a mirror image classroom.
D) a zero sum design.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Ahmed and Fatima, two teenage siblings, are fighting over the evening newspaper. Knowing Ahmed only wants the sports section and Fatima only wants the latest stock quotations, their mother takes the paper and gives each the section containing their news of interest. In the context of mediation, the mother arrived at a(n)


A) mutual compromise.
B) cooperative settlement.
C) enlightened consensus.
D) integrative agreement.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Which of the following exemplifies a non-zero-sum game?


A) the Prisoner's Dilemma
B) the illusion of transparency
C) the self-fulfilling prophesy
D) the availability heuristic

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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A mediator seeks to achieve a mutually beneficial resolution by having the parties adopt a _____ orientation.


A) lose-lose
B) win-lose
C) win-win
D) submissive

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Vivian and Pearl, who have been a couple for many years, are having a conflict they have been unable to resolve, so they make an appointment with a counselor. The counselor helps facilitate communication between Vivian and Pearl and offers suggestions for dealing with future conflicts. What form of communication have they used to resolve their conflict?


A) bargaining
B) amelioration
C) mediation
D) arbitration

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Studies from eleven countries show adolescents have more positive peer relationships and may achieve more when working _____, rather than _____.


A) competitively; cooperatively
B) submissively; domineering
C) cooperatively; competitively
D) domineering; submissively

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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Triandis (1994) reported that _____ immigrants felt more comfortable identifying with their ethnicity than _____ immigrants.


A) grandchildren of; second-generation
B) second-generation; grandchildren of
C) European; Asian
D) Asian; European

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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In times of tension, such as during an international crisis,


A) views of the opposing side become more simplistic.
B) rational thinking becomes less difficult.
C) seat-of-the-pants judgments become less likely.
D) tendencies toward groupthink are weakened.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Which of the following is a method for resolving social dilemmas?


A) communication
B) punishment
C) increasing group size
D) competition

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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