Question 1

Rewarding people for doing what they already enjoy may lead them to attribute their action to the reward. If so, this would undermine their self-perception that they do it because they like it. This is called

Accepted Answer

A)   cognitive dissonance.
B)   deindividuation.
C)   the overjustification effect.
D)   the insufficient justification effect.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C) C

Question 2

According to the dissonance theory, managers, teachers, and parents should use _____ to elicit the desired behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   reminders of their legitimate authority
B)   only social punishments and rewards
C)   promises rather than threats
D)   the smallest possible incentiveE) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true of implicit biases?

Accepted Answer

A)   Implicit biases are poorer in predicting racial attitudes than explicit biases.
B)   Implicit biases are better in predicting attitudes related to consumer behavior than explicit biases.
C)   Implicit biases are better than explicit attitudes in predicting gender attitudes.
D)   Implicit biases are predominantly non pervasive.E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 4

According to studies on implicit attitudes, which of the following statements about changing behaviors through persuasion is the most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)   It is easy for people to change if you tell them to change.
B)   There is no way people will change.
C)   It is best to work on general situations.
D)   It is best to work on specific situations.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

You are fortunate to receive multiple job offers after graduating from college. You find the decision-making very difficult, but once you decide on an offer to accept, you notice yourself _____ the job offers that you did not accept in order to reduce dissonance.

Accepted Answer

A)   focusing on
B)   revamping
C)   downgrading
D)   upgradingE) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 6

The tendency to seek information and media that agree with one's views and to avoid dissonant information is called _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   selective exposure
B)   defensive pessimism
C)   impact bias
D)   hindsight biasE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 7

Which theory assumes that when our attitudes regarding something are weak to begin with, we will use our behavior and its circumstances as a clue to those attitudes?

Accepted Answer

A)   self-perception theory
B)   self-justification theory
C)   self-presentation theory
D)   self-affirmation theoryE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 8

Which of the following theories assumes that to reduce discomfort, we justify our actions to ourselves?

Accepted Answer

A)   self-presentation theory
B)   self-consistency theory
C)   cognitive dissonance theory
D)   terror management theoryE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 9

As a teenager, you enjoyed jogging. Concerned with your weight, your parents gave you money whenever you went jogging. According to the self-perception theory, your parents' behavior is most likely to _____ your intrinsic motivation for jogging.

Accepted Answer

A)   decrease
B)   increase
C)   upgrade
D)   emphasizeE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 10

How did Martens et al. (2007)  investigate the idea that killing begets killing?

Accepted Answer

A)   by asking students to kill bugs
B)   by asking students to shock a person of the opposite sex
C)   by asking students to shock a person of different descent
D)   by asking students to watch movies that involved killingE) A) and B)
F) None of the above A

Question 11

_____ theory best explains attitude change while _____ theory best explains attitude formation.

Accepted Answer

A)   Cognitive dissonance; self-perception
B)   Self-perception; cognitive dissonance
C)   Self-presentation; relative deprivation
D)   Relative deprivation; self-presentationE) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

Myra's neighbor, a little boy, practices his saxophone loudly and annoyingly. According to the overjustification effect, if Myra wants to get him to quit playing, she should

Accepted Answer

A)   show her annoyance.
B)   pay him to quit playing.
C)   pay him a small amount to quit playing and then offer him more and more.
D)   pay him to play and then offer him less and less.E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 13

Dissonance conditions do indeed arouse tension, especially when those conditions threaten

Accepted Answer

A)   positive feelings of self-worth.
B)   physical discomfort.
C)   as-yet-unformed attitudes.
D)   gender identity.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 14

In the context of thought-control and POWs (prisoners of war) , prisoners were _____ to comply with a large request if they comply with a small request first.

Accepted Answer

A)   less likely
B)   more likely
C)   not interested
D)   unlikelyE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

Jill recently received Botox injection in her face to treat her wrinkles. Since then, it has taken her longer to read sad stories in the newspaper and understand her teenage daughter's emotional outbursts. Which of the following best explains these side effects?

Accepted Answer

A)   cognitive dissonance
B)   self-perception theory
C)   self-presentation theory
D)   overjustification effectE) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 16

The major difference between the dissonance theory and the self-perception theory is that the former relies on the motivating effects of _____, while the latter does not.

Accepted Answer

A)   behavior
B)   self-awareness
C)   tension
D)   self-inferenceE) All of the above
F) A) and B) C

Question 17

Diener and Wallbom (1976)  found that when research participants were instructed to stop working on a problem after a bell sounded, 71 percent continued working when left alone. How many continued to work after the bell if they were made self-aware by working in front of a mirror?

Accepted Answer

A)   70 percent
B)   43 percent
C)   31 percent
D)   7 percentE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 18

Which theory predicts that when people experience a self-image threat after engaging in an undesirable behavior, they will compensate by affirming another aspect of the self?

Accepted Answer

A)   self-perception theory
B)   self-justification theory
C)   self-presentation theory
D)   self-affirmation theoryE) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 19

The _____ occurs when someone offers an unnecessary reward beforehand in an obvious effort to control behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   foot-in-the-door effect
B)   self-justification effect
C)   overjustification effect
D)   insufficient justification effectE) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 20

A researcher who measures attitudes by assessing whether White people take longer to associate positive words with Black faces than with White faces is most likely using a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   bogus pipeline paradigm.
B)   facial muscle response test.
C)   implicit association test.
D)   strong interest inventory.E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Exam 4: Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity

Rewarding people for doing what they already enjoy may lead them to attribute their action to the reward. If so, this would undermine their self-perception that they do it because they like it. This is called

Correct AnswerverifiedC

According to the dissonance theory, managers, teachers, and parents should use _____ to elicit the desired behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is true of implicit biases?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to studies on implicit attitudes, which of the following statements about changing behaviors through persuasion is the most accurate?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

You are fortunate to receive multiple job offers after graduating from college. You find the decision-making very difficult, but once you decide on an offer to accept, you notice yourself _____ the job offers that you did not accept in order to reduce dissonance.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The tendency to seek information and media that agree with one's views and to avoid dissonant information is called _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which theory assumes that when our attitudes regarding something are weak to begin with, we will use our behavior and its circumstances as a clue to those attitudes?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following theories assumes that to reduce discomfort, we justify our actions to ourselves?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

As a teenager, you enjoyed jogging. Concerned with your weight, your parents gave you money whenever you went jogging. According to the self-perception theory, your parents' behavior is most likely to _____ your intrinsic motivation for jogging.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How did Martens et al. (2007) investigate the idea that killing begets killing?

Correct AnswerverifiedA

_____ theory best explains attitude change while _____ theory best explains attitude formation.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Myra's neighbor, a little boy, practices his saxophone loudly and annoyingly. According to the overjustification effect, if Myra wants to get him to quit playing, she should

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Dissonance conditions do indeed arouse tension, especially when those conditions threaten

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the context of thought-control and POWs (prisoners of war) , prisoners were _____ to comply with a large request if they comply with a small request first.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Jill recently received Botox injection in her face to treat her wrinkles. Since then, it has taken her longer to read sad stories in the newspaper and understand her teenage daughter's emotional outbursts. Which of the following best explains these side effects?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The major difference between the dissonance theory and the self-perception theory is that the former relies on the motivating effects of _____, while the latter does not.

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Diener and Wallbom (1976) found that when research participants were instructed to stop working on a problem after a bell sounded, 71 percent continued working when left alone. How many continued to work after the bell if they were made self-aware by working in front of a mirror?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which theory predicts that when people experience a self-image threat after engaging in an undesirable behavior, they will compensate by affirming another aspect of the self?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The _____ occurs when someone offers an unnecessary reward beforehand in an obvious effort to control behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A researcher who measures attitudes by assessing whether White people take longer to associate positive words with Black faces than with White faces is most likely using a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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C

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A

_ theory best explains attitude change while _ theory best explains attitude formation.

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C

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