Question 1

The kidneys are both protected and held in place by cushions of fat.In cases of rapid weight loss,the kidneys may drop to a lower position,possibly causing kinks in a nearby tubular organ.If this happens,urine will back up into the kidneys,severely damaging them.What organ(s) is/are most-likely kinked in this situation?

Accepted Answer

A)  urethra
B)  ureters
C)  renal arteries
D)  nephrons
E)  renal veinsF) A) and B)
G) C) and D)

Question 2

All of the following are animal mechanisms to cope with the problem of water balance EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  coupling of water/salt removal with metabolic waste removal.
B)  contractile vacuoles.
C)  passage of water and waste of the body across a layer of cells into a tubular structure.
D)  kidneys used as filtering organs.
E)  secretion of regulatory hormones into the tubule.F) B) and C)
G) B) and D)

Question 3

Most vertebrates maintain homeostasis in regard to the total solute concentrations of their extracellular fluids and the concentrations of specific inorganic ions.The kidneys participate in regulating the extracellular fluid concentration of all ions below EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  Fe2+ ions.
B)  Ca2+ ions.
C)  K+ ions.
D)  Na+ ions.
E)  Cl- ions.F) B) and E)
G) B) and D)

Question 4

Gary has a kidney stone lodged in his ureter.Where will the radiologist find the kidney stone on an x-ray?

Accepted Answer

A)  between the end of a nephron and the renal pelvis
B)  between the bladder and the outside of the body
C)  between a kidney and the bladder
D)  between a Bowman's capsule and a loop of HenleE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 5

Where are the receptors that respond to elevated blood osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

A)  in the adrenal cortex
B)  in the adrenal medulla
C)  in the hypothalamus
D)  in the kidneys
E)  in the heartF) B) and D)
G) D) and E)

Question 6

According to the above figure,which letter corresponds to the area where amino acids are most likely to be reabsorbed?

Accepted Answer

A)  A
B)  B
C)  C
D)  D
E)  EF) A) and B)
G) C) and D)

Question 7

How does the loop of Henle enable the mammalian kidney to produce hypertonic urine? 
I-The ascending limb of the loop actively extrudes Na+.
II-The descending limb interacts with the ascending limb to raise the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid in the renal medulla.
III-The concentration is further enhanced by the presence of urea,which draws water out of the collecting ducts by osmosis.

Accepted Answer

A)  just I
B)  II and III
C)  just III
D)  I and II
E)  I,II,and IIIF) C) and D)
G) B) and C)

Question 8

You put a solution of sucrose into a bag of dialysis tubing,which is permeable to water but not to sucrose.You then put this bag into a beaker of water.An hour later,you observe that the bag has swelled due to

Accepted Answer

A)  active transport of water molecules.
B)  the osmotic pressure of the sucrose solution.
C)  the pressure exerted on the bag by the surrounding water.
D)  passive transport of sucrose molecules.
E)  the high osmolarity of the surrounding water.F) A) and E)
G) A) and B)

Question 9

Each nephron of the kidney consists of a long tubule and associated small blood vessels.Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to enter with the glomerular filtrate.What is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bowman's capsule → distal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → proximal convoluted tubule → collecting duct
B)  Bowman's capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct
C)  Bowman's capsule → loop of Henle → proximal convoluted tubule → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct
D)  Bowman's capsule → collecting duct → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule
E)  collecting duct → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of Henle → distal convoluted tubule→ Bowman's capsuleF) All of the above
G) A) and E)

Question 10

In vertebrates,most of the fluid that ultimately exits the body as urine first enters the nephron tubules by the process of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reabsorption
B)  absorption
C)  secretion
D)  filtration
E)  excretionF) C) and D)
G) A) and D)

Question 11

The presence of a loop of Henle in nephrons is an evolutionary adaptation that enables mammals and birds to reabsorb water efficiently and produce a(n) ________ urine.

Accepted Answer

A)  hypertonic
B)  hypotonic
C)  osmolar
D)  isotonicE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 12

Select the incorrectly-matched vertebrate and its urine concentration relative to its blood.

Accepted Answer

A)  amphibians-isotonic
B)  marine reptiles-isotonic
C)  desert mammals-strongly hypertonic
D)  marine mammals-strongly hypertonic
E)  terrestrial birds-weakly hypertonicF) B) and C)
G) C) and D)

Question 13

Select the incorrectly-matched organism and its primary nitrogenous waste product.

Accepted Answer

A)  most fish-ammonia
B)  mammals-urea
C)  reptiles-uric acid
D)  birds-uric acid
E)  insects-ammoniaF) A) and D)
G) A) and E)

Question 14

What response would correct for a drop in glomerular blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  angiotensin II-mediated inhibition of the adrenal cortex
B)  inhibition of osmoreceptors in the brain,leading to decreased thirst
C)  dilation of the afferent renal arterioles by angiotensin II
D)  inhibition of antidiuretic hormone release by the posterior pituitary gland
E)  stimulation of sodium secretion by the distal convoluted tubulesF) B) and D)
G) B) and E)

Question 15

One of the key factors in vertebrate colonization of many diverse environments is

Accepted Answer

A)  the flexibility provided by selective reabsorption of different solutes.
B)  not requiring a lot of water due to their closed systems.
C)  the ability to eat foods with lots of water.
D)  the ability to control water loss by controlling perspiration.
E)  the ability to decrease metabolic needs.F) B) and E)
G) C) and D)

Question 16

Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers.This means that

Accepted Answer

A)  that their body fluids contain the exact same solutes in the same concentration as their cells.
B)  the osmolarity of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment.
C)  that their body fluids contain the exact same solutes in the same concentration as their surroundings.
D)  the osmolarity of their body fluids is equal to that of the osmoregulators who inhabit the same environments.
E)  the osmolarity of their body fluids fluctuates between hypertonic to hypotonic depending on the season and the tides.F) A) and D)
G) C) and E)

Question 17

An increase in the production of ADH affects the kidney tubules by

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibiting reabsorption of sodium ion in the collecting duct.
B)  decreasing the permeability of the glomerulus to water.
C)  causing the walls of the collecting duct to become more permeable to water.
D)  inhibiting the reabsorption of water in the glomerulus.
E)  decreasing the insertion of aquaporins into the membranes of cells that line the collecting ducts.F) A) and C)
G) B) and D)

Question 18

What animal has kidneys that are so efficient that it never has to drink water and can obtain all of its water from its food?

Accepted Answer

A)  camel
B)  gerbil
C)  kangaroo rat
D)  pocket mouse
E)  desert lizardF) None of the above
G) B) and E)

Question 19

If uric acid accumulates in joints of humans the condition is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  atherosclerosis.
B)  gout.
C)  hypertension.
D)  distal convoluted tubule dysfunction.
E)  diabetes insipidus.F) B) and D)
G) A) and B)

Question 20

Release of what protein is directly subject to negative feedback inhibition when blood volume rises?

Accepted Answer

A)  renin
B)  aldosterone
C)  angiotensin II
D)  angiotensinogen
E)  atrial natriuretic hormoneF) A) and B)
G) A) and E)

Exam 49: Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System

Each nephron of the kidney consists of a long tubule and associated small blood vessels.Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to enter with the glomerular filtrate.What is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine?

Correct Answer
verified

Gary has a kidney stone lodged in his ureter.Where will the radiologist find the kidney stone on an x-ray?

Correct Answer
verified

Most vertebrates maintain homeostasis in regard to the total solute concentrations of their extracellular fluids and the concentrations of specific inorganic ions.The kidneys participate in regulating the extracellular fluid concentration of all ions below EXCEPT

Correct Answer
verified

Where are the receptors that respond to elevated blood osmolarity?

Correct Answer
verified

You put a solution of sucrose into a bag of dialysis tubing,which is permeable to water but not to sucrose.You then put this bag into a beaker of water.An hour later,you observe that the bag has swelled due to

Correct Answer
verified

What response would correct for a drop in glomerular blood pressure?

Correct Answer
verified

Select the incorrectly-matched vertebrate and its urine concentration relative to its blood.

Correct Answer
verified

Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers.This means that

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Release of what protein is directly subject to negative feedback inhibition when blood volume rises?

Correct Answer
verified

An increase in the production of ADH affects the kidney tubules by

Correct Answer
verified

All of the following are animal mechanisms to cope with the problem of water balance EXCEPT

Correct Answer
verified

The presence of a loop of Henle in nephrons is an evolutionary adaptation that enables mammals and birds to reabsorb water efficiently and produce a(n) ________ urine.

Correct Answer
verified

What animal has kidneys that are so efficient that it never has to drink water and can obtain all of its water from its food?

Correct Answer
verified

One of the key factors in vertebrate colonization of many diverse environments is

Correct Answer
verified

Select the incorrectly-matched organism and its primary nitrogenous waste product.

Correct Answer
verified

In vertebrates,most of the fluid that ultimately exits the body as urine first enters the nephron tubules by the process of ________.

Correct Answer
verified

If uric acid accumulates in joints of humans the condition is referred to as

Correct Answer
verified

According to the above figure,which letter corresponds to the area where amino acids are most likely to be reabsorbed?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 49: Osmotic Regulation and the Urinary System

Each nephron of the kidney consists of a long tubule and associated small blood vessels.Blood cells and plasma proteins are too large to enter with the glomerular filtrate.What is the correct path for the filtrate to follow through the nephron in the production of urine?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Gary has a kidney stone lodged in his ureter.Where will the radiologist find the kidney stone on an x-ray?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most vertebrates maintain homeostasis in regard to the total solute concentrations of their extracellular fluids and the concentrations of specific inorganic ions.The kidneys participate in regulating the extracellular fluid concentration of all ions below EXCEPT

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Where are the receptors that respond to elevated blood osmolarity?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

You put a solution of sucrose into a bag of dialysis tubing,which is permeable to water but not to sucrose.You then put this bag into a beaker of water.An hour later,you observe that the bag has swelled due to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What response would correct for a drop in glomerular blood pressure?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Select the incorrectly-matched vertebrate and its urine concentration relative to its blood.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers.This means that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Release of what protein is directly subject to negative feedback inhibition when blood volume rises?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An increase in the production of ADH affects the kidney tubules by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

All of the following are animal mechanisms to cope with the problem of water balance EXCEPT

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The presence of a loop of Henle in nephrons is an evolutionary adaptation that enables mammals and birds to reabsorb water efficiently and produce a(n) ________ urine.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What animal has kidneys that are so efficient that it never has to drink water and can obtain all of its water from its food?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One of the key factors in vertebrate colonization of many diverse environments is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Select the incorrectly-matched organism and its primary nitrogenous waste product.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In vertebrates,most of the fluid that ultimately exits the body as urine first enters the nephron tubules by the process of ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If uric acid accumulates in joints of humans the condition is referred to as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the above figure,which letter corresponds to the area where amino acids are most likely to be reabsorbed?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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