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Exam 42: The Animal Body and Principles of Regulation

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Question 21

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To diagnose and treat a disease, a doctor must evaluate the patient's body at multiple levels of organization.Identify the level of organization relevant to each stage of the process described below.(1) As part of Fred's annual physical, the doctor examined his skin, fingernails and hair for signs of disease.Noticing an unusual lesion on his neck, the doctor referred Fred to a dermatologist.(2) Upon observing the lesion, the dermatologist said, "Yes, this looks like it could be a squamous cell carcinoma, a tumor in the epidermis of the skin." (3) The dermatologist carefully examined all of Fred's skin for signs of additional tumors, but did not find any.(4) The dermatologist removed the lesion and sent it for a biopsy.Under the microscope, the pathologist saw some cells with abnormal morphology and confirmed a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma.However, he noted that the margins of the lesion were clear of abnormal cells, and the tumor had been successfully removed.

A) organism, cell, tissue, organ
B) organ system, tissue, organ, cell
C) organ system, organ, tissue, cell
D) organism, cell, organ system, tissue

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Question 22

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In your Ph.D.research, you use thin slices of brain tissue to study neuronal signaling.You attach an electrode to a single neuron, but cannot detect any activity.What is the most likely explanation?

A) When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from its dendrites.
B) Neurons are not electrically active -- you should be recording neuroglia instead.
C) When you sliced the brain, you disconnected the cell from its neuroglia.
D) Excessive myelination is blocking inputs to the cell.

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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Question 23

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After yet another patron dripped sweat on her desk, the clerk at the gym complained, "It's gross working at a gym, with everyone sweating all the time." "Yes," the manager replied, "and it's probably costing us more for ______________, but I'll bet we're saving on _____________________."

It's the ninth inning, and the bases are loaded.As the pitcher winds up to throw the ball, how does each tissue in his arm contribute to this critical pitch? The ___________ of his fingers grips the ball.His __________ sends instructions that trigger his ___________ to contract.His ______________ provides stability and transmits the force produced.

The most abundant protein in mammals is collagen.This strong, ropelike molecule is particularly abundant in which tissue?

If a mammal suffered damage to the temperature sensor in its brain, what would be the result?

What are epithelial cells with a flat, irregular shape and tapered edges called?

A bride-to-be is enjoying a manicure and a facial before her hair is styled for the wedding.What organ system is being pampered?

You are researching a family with a heritable disease whose symptoms include hyper-flexible joints, pliable skin, stretchy ligaments, and fragile muscles that tear easily.You plan to use genetic testing to determine the cause of the disease.Which gene do you sequence first?

When collagen is hydrolyzed it forms gelatin, the main ingredient of a jiggly dessert adored by children.What parts of a cow provide a rich source of collagen?

In 1822, the Canadian fur trader Alexis St.Martin was accidentally shot with a musket.The shot entered his left chest, fractured a rib, damaged the lungs, lacerated the diaphragm, perforated the stomach, and finally exited his body.Amazingly he survived, but the hole in his belly never completely healed.This allowed Dr.William Beaumont direct access to his stomach for experiments, and led to his discovery of the importance of stomach acid in digestion.Which body cavities did the musket shot pass through?

Low body temperature triggers adaptive responses to conserve heat.Once the integrating center detects that body temperature has risen, it will decrease these responses.What does this exemplify?

Which muscle contraction is involuntary?

Controversy surrounds the use of zinc-containing nasal sprays as a cold remedy, since they have been associated with anosmia (loss of smell) .If true, this is likely due to the sprays damaging which tissue?

What is the approximate Q₁₀ value for most enzymes?

Which of the following is not a level of organization in the vertebrate body?

Why are epithelial membranes not very thick?

A scout troop sets out on a backpacking trip.Soon, an unexpected storm gets them drenched, and the troop leaders discover that few boys have packed warm clothes.Several scouts start shivering uncontrollably, a sign of hypothermia.The leaders call off the trip and the group heads back to their cars.This shivering response was

You are an engineer at a power plant that creates large volumes of hot waste water, which disrupts the ecosystem of the river it drains into.Another part of the plant requires warm oil, and the plant uses large amounts of energy to heat it.Inspired by countercurrent exchange in whales, you save energy and benefit the environment by

Which is another name for bone cells that remain alive even after the extracellular matrix becomes hardened with calcium phosphate crystals?