Question 1

Many tumors exhibit:

Accepted Answer

A)   abnormally high levels of telomerase expression.
B)   abnormally high levels of tumor-suppressor gene expression.
C)   translocations that move a tumor-suppressor gene to a new location that increases its normal expression.
D)   deletions that remove an oncogene from the genome.
E)   DNA replication that is inhibited when it would normally occur.F) A) and E)
G) A) and B)

Question 2

Briefly describe the role that the genes APC, p53, and Ras may have in the development of colon cancer.

Accepted Answer

The genes APC, p53, and Ras all play imp...

Question 3

Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Accepted Answer

A)   a deletion
B)   an inversion
C)   a duplication
D)   a reciprocal translocation
E)   an aneuploidy involving one of the shorter autosomal chromosomesF) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

Question 4

Consider the Ras signal-transduction pathway. Suppose a mutation occurred in the gene that encodes the transmembrane receptor to which a growth factor binds. The mutation no longer allows the growth factor to bind to the receptor. Which of the following methods could be used to overcome this mutation and allow the pathway to move forward?

Accepted Answer

A)   Inject extremely high levels of growth factor into the cell.
B)   Inject normal levels of nonmutated growth factor into the cell.
C)   Inject only the growth factor binding domain of the transmembrane receptor into the cell.
D)   Inject the activated form of Ras into the cell.
E)   Inject nonmutated tumor-suppressor genes into the cell.F) C) and D)
G) A) and E)

Question 5

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a DNA virus that is associated with cervical cancer. Despite the high prevalence of HPV in the population, the incidence of cervical cancer in the United States has decreased 75% in the past 40 years.
a. What are some reasons that cervical cancer has decreased in the United States?
b. How can cervical cancer rates be lowered in countries where the rates are still high?
c. Based on what you know about some different types of cancers and their genetic bases, can you suggest ways in which some of these other cancers might be addressed with respect to treatment and prevention?

Accepted Answer

a. Some reasons for the decrease in cerv...

Question 6

Which of the following statements BEST characterizes many cancers such as colon cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)   They result from the activation of one critical tumor-suppressor gene.
B)   They result when the transition from G2 to M in the cell cycle is inhibited.
C)   They result when DNA replication during the S period of the cell cycle is inhibited.
D)   They result from a series of sequential mutations in a number of genes.
E)   They result from decreased expression in a series of cellular oncogenes.F) All of the above
G) B) and D)

Question 7

Which of the following is not a typical mechanism by which a proto-oncogene is converted to an oncogene?

Accepted Answer

A)   a chromosomal translocation resulting in the bringing together of two different genes that make a fusion protein
B)   a chromosomal translocation resulting in enhanced regulation of the proto-oncogene
C)   complete deletion of the proto-oncogene
D)   a point mutation in the proto-oncogene
E)   All of these are mechanisms of converting proto-oncogenes to oncogenes.F) D) and E)
G) None of the above

Question 8

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the function of proto-oncogenes?

Accepted Answer

A)   They make products that act as signals to initiate cellular apoptosis.
B)   Their products are components of cell growth pathways.
C)   Proto-oncogenes make products that act as cell checkpoint regulators.
D)   Proto-oncogenes make products that scan the genome for DNA damage.
E)   Proto-oncogenes make products that repair DNA at sites of lesions.F) A) and D)
G) C) and D)

Question 9

Evidence that the development of cancer is a multistep process includes the:

Accepted Answer

A)   observation that certain tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes are involved in a sequential manner in the development of colon cancer
B)   fact that proto-oncogenes are widely conserved in evolution
C)   usual occurrence of retinoblastoma at a young age
D)   development of a cancer as a result of activation of a single oncogene by any of a variety of mechanisms
E)   fact that there are many genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that lead to inactivation of the same tumor-suppressor geneF) D) and E)
G) B) and C)

Question 10

In Burkitt lymphoma patients, despite translocation, the oncogene c-MYC remains nearly intact in its new location. Yet c-MYC is believed to be responsible for the lymphoma because the c-MYC:

Accepted Answer

A)   DNA sequence undergoes hypermethylation
B)   DNA sequence is nearly intact but is inverted in the new position
C)   gene is released from inhibition by miRNAs
D)   gene is placed under the control of B-cell-specific gene regulatory sequences and is highly expressed
E)   DNA sequence undergoes several point mutationsF) B) and E)
G) None of the above

Question 11

A drug is injected into a cell that inhibits the removal of phosphate groups from MPF. Which of the following would result?

Accepted Answer

A)   MPF would remain in its active state.
B)   The cell would not be able to transition into mitosis.
C)   Cyclin B levels would not be able to increase.
D)   The cell would not be able to progress through the G1/S checkpoint.
E)   Cyclin D could no longer be activated.F) C) and D)
G) B) and C)

Question 12

The development of colon cancer is relatively well understood. Describe the steps of the development of colon cancer, including any genetic components.

Accepted Answer

The development of colon cancer involves...

Question 13

Retinoblastoma (RB) protein is important in regulating the cell cycle. It must be completely phosphorylated before the cell can move from the G1 phase to the S phase of the cell cycle. Retinoblastoma is a type of cancer. Based on this information, what do you think goes wrong in retinoblastoma?

Accepted Answer

Based on the information provided, retin...

Question 14

Many viruses that are associated with cancers in animals are _____ that use reverse transcriptase.

Accepted Answer

A)   papilloma viruses
B)   Epstein-Barr viruses
C)   retroviruses
D)   hepatitis B viruses
E)   None of the answers is correct.F) B) and E)
G) All of the above

Question 15

Explain how hypermethylation and hypomethylation may be associated with cancers.

Accepted Answer

Hypermethylation and hypomethylation are...

Question 16

Use the following to answer questions 
A new form of kidney cancer was identified in a family in which many of the family members were affected. This family's pedigree is shown below.
* 
-Upon genetic analysis of the cancerous tissue, a mutated form of a gene, named the kid gene, was discovered in all affected individuals but not in the unaffected individuals. Because so many members of the family are affected, the female (age 60) , indicated with a "*", is concerned that although she has not developed the disease yet she still may develop the cancer later in life. What would a genetic counselor tell her?

Accepted Answer

A)   All members of the family carry one mutant version of the kid gene, but those with cancer gained a second mutation of the kid gene. Therefore, it is highly likely that she will develop the kidney cancer.
B)   While it is unlikely that she will develop the form of kidney cancer seen in her family, the mutant form of the kid gene she carries puts her at an increased risk of all types of cancer.
C)   Because her parents did not develop kidney cancer, it is highly unlikely that they had a mutant form of the kid gene, and thus it is highly unlikely that she has a mutant kid gene. Therefore, she is not at risk of developing this form of kidney cancer.
D)   While she carries a mutant copy of the kid gene, it is highly unlikely that she will develop kidney cancer because two mutant copies are required to be affected with the cancer.
E)   Her father was a carrier of the mutant kid gene, and thus she is also a carrier of the mutant kid gene. She will likely not be affected, but her children will be at a high risk of developing the cancer.F) All of the above
G) None of the above

Question 17

What is unique to the DNA changes observed in the Apaf-1 gene in malignant melanoma cells? What are such changes to DNA called, and why do you think these types of changes in cancer have caught researchers' attention?

Accepted Answer

The DNA changes observed in the Apaf-1 g...

Question 18

Mutations in proto-oncogenes are generally _____ whereas mutations in tumor-suppressor alleles are generally _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   deletions; duplications
B)   recessive; dominant
C)   duplications; deletions
D)   dominant; recessive
E)   deletions; base-pair substitutionsF) None of the above
G) D) and E)

Question 19

Mutant forms of tumor-suppressor genes typically behave in a recessive manner. However, a recent study of patients with multiple myeloma revealed that approximately 10% of these patients have one normal p53 gene and one mutant p53 gene. If it is the mutant p53 gene that is responsible for this group's cancer, which of the following statements would most likely be TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)   The p53 gene can act in a haploinsufficient manner.
B)   The p53 gene is not a tumor-suppressor gene in these patients but rather an oncogene.
C)   The mutant p53 gene most likely is involved in DNA-repair pathways.
D)   The mutant p53 gene is having epigenetic effects in these patients.
E)   The mutant p53 gene is being overexpressed in these patients.F) B) and C)
G) A) and E)

Question 20

Which of the following result(s)  directly from metastasis?

Accepted Answer

A)   primary tumors
B)   secondary tumors
C)   tumor vascularization
D)   decreased DNA repair
E)   increased apoptosisF) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

Exam 23: Cancer Genetics

Evidence that the development of cancer is a multistep process includes the:

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the function of proto-oncogenes?

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
a. Some reasons for the decrease in cerv...
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Many viruses that are associated with cancers in animals are _____ that use reverse transcriptase.

Correct Answer
verified

Retinoblastoma (RB) protein is important in regulating the cell cycle. It must be completely phosphorylated before the cell can move from the G₁ phase to the S phase of the cell cycle. Retinoblastoma is a type of cancer. Based on this information, what do you think goes wrong in retinoblastoma?

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Based on the information provided, retin...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Many tumors exhibit:

Correct Answer
verified

Explain how hypermethylation and hypomethylation may be associated with cancers.

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Hypermethylation and hypomethylation are...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Briefly describe the role that the genes APC, p53, and Ras may have in the development of colon cancer.

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
The genes APC, p53, and Ras all play imp...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is not a typical mechanism by which a proto-oncogene is converted to an oncogene?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following result(s) directly from metastasis?

Correct Answer
verified

What is unique to the DNA changes observed in the Apaf-1 gene in malignant melanoma cells? What are such changes to DNA called, and why do you think these types of changes in cancer have caught researchers' attention?

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
The DNA changes observed in the Apaf-1 g...
View Answer

Mutations in proto-oncogenes are generally _ whereas mutations in tumor-suppressor alleles are generally _.

Correct Answer
verified

A drug is injected into a cell that inhibits the removal of phosphate groups from MPF. Which of the following would result?

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Correct Answer
verified

In Burkitt lymphoma patients, despite translocation, the oncogene c-MYC remains nearly intact in its new location. Yet c-MYC is believed to be responsible for the lymphoma because the c-MYC:

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following statements BEST characterizes many cancers such as colon cancer?

Correct Answer
verified

The development of colon cancer is relatively well understood. Describe the steps of the development of colon cancer, including any genetic components.

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
The development of colon cancer involves...
View Answer

Exam 23: Cancer Genetics

Evidence that the development of cancer is a multistep process includes the:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the function of proto-oncogenes?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIa. Some reasons for the decrease in cerv...View AnswerShow Answer

Many viruses that are associated with cancers in animals are _____ that use reverse transcriptase.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Retinoblastoma (RB) protein is important in regulating the cell cycle. It must be completely phosphorylated before the cell can move from the G1 phase to the S phase of the cell cycle. Retinoblastoma is a type of cancer. Based on this information, what do you think goes wrong in retinoblastoma?

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIBased on the information provided, retin...View AnswerShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Many tumors exhibit:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain how hypermethylation and hypomethylation may be associated with cancers.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIHypermethylation and hypomethylation are...View AnswerShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Briefly describe the role that the genes APC, p53, and Ras may have in the development of colon cancer.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIThe genes APC, p53, and Ras all play imp...View AnswerShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is not a typical mechanism by which a proto-oncogene is converted to an oncogene?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following result(s) directly from metastasis?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is unique to the DNA changes observed in the Apaf-1 gene in malignant melanoma cells? What are such changes to DNA called, and why do you think these types of changes in cancer have caught researchers' attention?

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIThe DNA changes observed in the Apaf-1 g...View AnswerShow Answer

Mutations in proto-oncogenes are generally _____ whereas mutations in tumor-suppressor alleles are generally _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A drug is injected into a cell that inhibits the removal of phosphate groups from MPF. Which of the following would result?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In Burkitt lymphoma patients, despite translocation, the oncogene c-MYC remains nearly intact in its new location. Yet c-MYC is believed to be responsible for the lymphoma because the c-MYC:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements BEST characterizes many cancers such as colon cancer?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The development of colon cancer is relatively well understood. Describe the steps of the development of colon cancer, including any genetic components.

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIThe development of colon cancer involves...View AnswerShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
a. Some reasons for the decrease in cerv...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Retinoblastoma (RB) protein is important in regulating the cell cycle. It must be completely phosphorylated before the cell can move from the G₁ phase to the S phase of the cell cycle. Retinoblastoma is a type of cancer. Based on this information, what do you think goes wrong in retinoblastoma?

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Based on the information provided, retin...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
Hypermethylation and hypomethylation are...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
The genes APC, p53, and Ras all play imp...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
The DNA changes observed in the Apaf-1 g...
View Answer

Mutations in proto-oncogenes are generally _ whereas mutations in tumor-suppressor alleles are generally _.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
Answered by ExamLex AI
The development of colon cancer involves...
View Answer