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Defects in DNA-repair mechanisms can lea...View Answer
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A) enhancing levels of DNA repair so that cells remain normal and have stable genomes and thus would be able to replicate their DNA and divide more often.
B) promoting the efficiency of the spindle-assembly checkpoint.
C) reducing the expression of several oncogenes.
D) allowing cells to continue to divide when normally chromosomes should shorten beyond a point where division would be no longer possible.
E) decreasing the number of epigenetic changes that would promote cancer.
G) A) and B)
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A) inactivation of RB
B) inactivation of cyclin-D
C) inactivation of Ras
D) failure of the cell to progress through the G2/M checkpoint
E) failure of E2F to bind to DNA and stimulate transcription
G) C) and D)
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A) a gene that encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase
B) a gene that encodes an acetylase
C) a gene that encodes an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from RB
D) a gene that encodes an enzyme that phosphorylates E2F
E) a gene that encodes the Ras protein
G) C) and E)
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There are several ways to determine whet...View Answer
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A) histones
B) miRNAs
C) reverse transcriptases
D) growth factors
E) kinases
G) A) and D)
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The cell cycle is a series of phases tha...View Answer
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The most reasonable explanation for the ...View Answer
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A) a mutation that allows the receptor to become phosphorylated in the absence of a growth factor bound to it
B) a mutation in the extracellular domain that prevents the binding of a growth factor
C) a mutation in the transmembrane domain that prevents the signal from being transduced to the interior of the cell
D) a mutation within the intracellular domain that prevents interaction with the adaptor molecules
E) All of these are types of receptors mutations that could lead to cancer.
G) D) and E)
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The cell cycle is a highly regulated pro...View Answer
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A) no, because adenomas are benign tumors and thus are unlikely to progress to a malignant tumor
B) no, because the up-regulation of the ras gene will counter the effects of the mutant APC gene, and the benign tumor is unlikely to progress to a malignant state
C) no, because until the specific function of the mutated APC gene is known, it cannot be determined that the cells are in a proliferative state
D) yes, because the cells of the polyp have already begun to divide inappropriately, and further mutations may allow the tumor to invade other tissues and metastasize
E) yes, because up-regulation of the ras gene is causing the cells to divide more slowly, and thus they will be unable to repair future DNA damage that will likely occur in cells surrounding the polyp
G) A) and E)
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Changes in oncogenes result in more rapi...View Answer
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A) viruses specifically infect cells that contain proto-oncogenes.
B) only viruses contain genes that can convert proto-oncogenes into oncogenes.
C) the proto-oncogenes are more likely to undergo mutation or recombination within a virus.
D) viruses contain the remainder part of the DNA that is added to the proto-oncogene to form the oncogene.
F) B) and D)
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A) the S/G2 checkpoint
B) the G1/S checkpoint
C) the spindle-assembly checkpoint
D) the G2/M checkpoint
E) the G1/G2 checkpoint
G) D) and E)
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A) Tumors usually show a clonal evolution.
B) Cervical cancer is associated with an animal virus.
C) Some cancers are associated with reduced DNA repair.
D) Epigenetic changes in somatic cells may be associated with some cancers.
E) Most tumors arise from germ-line mutations that accumulate during our life span.
G) A) and B)
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Cyclins are a family of proteins that re...View Answer
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A possible effect of mutations in genes ...View Answer
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A) Most point mutations that produce activated oncogenes are dominant gain-of-function mutations.
B) Many proto-oncogenes encode proteins that act to promote apoptosis.
C) Many proto-oncogenes encode proteins involved in DNA repair.
D) Many proto-oncogenes are inherited as recessive mutations.
E) Most protein products of proto-oncogenes don't have a role in cell division.
G) A) and D)
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MicroRNAs are small RNA molecules that p...View Answer
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A) retinoblastoma
B) xeroderma pigmentosum
C) cervical cancer
D) chronic myelogenous leukemia
E) Bloom syndrome
G) C) and D)
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