Question 1

Technology has introduced a range of speci?c, rapid tests for identifying and diagnosing infectious disease. While culturing a pathogen from a patient is always advantageous, what disadvantage(s)  exist for traditional diagnostic techniques?

Accepted Answer

A)   The isolated organism is not the pathogen causing the disease.
B)   Critically ill patients may have to wait up to 48 hours for a culture to grow.
C)   Certain pathogens are not able to be cultured in vitro.
D)   Some diseases are caused by more than one organism.
E)   All of these are valid arguments against traditional diagnostic techniques.F) C) and D)
G) A) and D)

Question 2

When minute samples of DNA need to be genetically analyzed for identiﬁcation purposes, which test can be effectively used?

Accepted Answer

A)   PCR
B)   Weil-Felix reaction
C)   Widal
D)   Direct ﬂuorescence antibody
E)   Western BlotF) B) and C)
G) A) and E)

Question 3

Phenotypic testing is often beneﬁcial in identifying infectious agents from patient samples; however, some disadvantages include ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   lengthy culturing times and the inability to grow some bacteria in vitro
B)   diﬃculty in identifying motile organisms
C)   non-speciﬁcity of some biochemical tests since all pathogens utilize the same substrate as a fuel source
D)   organisms must be grown on the same culture media so it is diﬃcult to distinguish them from each otherE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 4

Scanning the whole genome of every infectious agent in a patient sample and comparing that to known genome sequences maintained in libraries would be the most accurate and e?cient way to diagnose disease. We are moving closer to this becoming a reality largely because ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   more people are being trained in high throughput genetic analysis
B)   gene libraries have greater accessibility
C)   multiple organisms have the same genome so it will minimize the number of screenings necessary
D)   the cost of high throughput genetic analysis has plummeted in recent years and continues to decreaseE) A) and C)
F) A) and B) D

Question 5

Microarrays are a powerful diagnostic tool because ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   a patient sample can be simultaneously tested for potentially thousands of suspected agents in the realm of the aﬄicting disease
B)   analysis of the pathogen's genome can be performed and the gene sequences compared to suspected pathogens
C)   PCR can be performed rapidly and the DNA matched against known gene sequence
D)   ribosomal RNA can be isolated, sequenced, and analyzed with speed and accuracyE) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 6

A positive sandwich ELISA result requires ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   one known antibody, one unknown antibody, and an unknown antigen
B)   one known antibody, one unknown antibody, and a known antigen
C)   two known antibodies and one known antigen
D)   two known antibodies and one unknown antigenE) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 7

Serological testing always involves reactions between speciﬁc antibody and antigen.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Serological tests should have low sensitivity and speciﬁcity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

In vivo testing is useful for diagnosing ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   hepatitis A
B)   tuberculosis
C)   whooping cough
D)   HIV
E)   rubellaF) None of the above
G) A) and D)

Question 10

Serotyping of bacteria cannot be used to identify which component?

Accepted Answer

A)   Flagella
B)   DNA
C)   Capsule
D)   Cell wallE) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 11

Soluble antigens are detected in what type of test?

Accepted Answer

A)   Cross-reactions
B)   Sensitivity
C)   Agglutination
D)   Precipitation
E)   Speci?cityF) B) and D)
G) None of the above

Question 12

Both pulse-ﬁeld gel electrophoresis and Western blotting utilize electrophoresis in their procedures. When comparing the two procedures, which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   Pulse-ﬁeld gel electrophoresis is used for genetic analysis.
B)   Pulse-ﬁeld gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments while Western blotting separates proteins.
C)   The presence of antibodies in a patient specimen can be identiﬁed in the Western Blot.
D)   Pulse-ﬁeld gel electrophoresis is excellent for identifying minute genetic differences among strains of one species of an organism.
E)   All of the statements are true.F) C) and D)
G) B) and D)

Question 13

Which test is used to identify antigens on red blood cells for blood typing?

Accepted Answer

A)   Western blot
B)   ELISA
C)   Microarrays
D)   Precipitation
E)   AgglutinationF) None of the above
G) A) and C) E

Question 14

Antibody testing requires ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   only a known antigen
B)   only a known antibody
C)   both a known antigen and a known antibody
D)   either a known antigen or a known antibodyE) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 15

Urine and fecal specimens require ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   sterile collection conditions
B)   incubation in differential media
C)   incubation in selective media
D)   Both sterile collection conditions and incubation in differential media are correct.
E)   Both incubation in differential media and incubation in selective media are correct.F) All of the above
G) B) and D)

Question 16

Which test cannot be used for identiﬁcation of a person's HIV status?

Accepted Answer

A)   Biochemical tests
B)   Immunochromatographic testing
C)   Western Blot
D)   ELISAE) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 17

Which of the following is correct regarding the polymerase chain reaction test?

Accepted Answer

A)   Sheep red blood cells are added to the gel.
B)   An enzyme-linked indicator is added.
C)   The two strands of the DNA molecules are separated by heat.
D)   Antigen and antibody are allowed to react ﬁrst.E) A) and B)
F) All of the above C

Question 18

What is the advantage of using imaging such as CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans in diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

A)   Very inexpensive and requires no cultivation of the specimen
B)   May save the patient from an invasive procedure
C)   Can determine the antibiotic sensitivity of the infectious agent
D)   Ampliﬁes the DNA in the patient sample for better genetic analysisE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 19

A technique known as ______ can analyze a culture or a patient sample in minutes based on a microbe's protein pro?le.

Accepted Answer

A)   MALDI-TOF
B)   real-time PCR
C)   pulsed-?eld gel electrophoresis
D)   positron emission tomographyE) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 20

A direct immunoﬂuorescence test involves a/an ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   known antibody binding to an unknown antigen
B)   lysis reaction
C)   precipitation reaction
D)   agglutination reactionE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Exam 17: Diagnosing Infections

Technology has introduced a range of speci?c, rapid tests for identifying and diagnosing infectious disease. While culturing a pathogen from a patient is always advantageous, what disadvantage(s) exist for traditional diagnostic techniques?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When minute samples of DNA need to be genetically analyzed for identiﬁcation purposes, which test can be effectively used?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Phenotypic testing is often beneﬁcial in identifying infectious agents from patient samples; however, some disadvantages include ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Scanning the whole genome of every infectious agent in a patient sample and comparing that to known genome sequences maintained in libraries would be the most accurate and e?cient way to diagnose disease. We are moving closer to this becoming a reality largely because ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedD

Microarrays are a powerful diagnostic tool because ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A positive sandwich ELISA result requires ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Serological testing always involves reactions between speciﬁc antibody and antigen.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Serological tests should have low sensitivity and speciﬁcity.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In vivo testing is useful for diagnosing ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Serotyping of bacteria cannot be used to identify which component?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Soluble antigens are detected in what type of test?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Both pulse-ﬁeld gel electrophoresis and Western blotting utilize electrophoresis in their procedures. When comparing the two procedures, which statement is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which test is used to identify antigens on red blood cells for blood typing?

Correct AnswerverifiedE

Antibody testing requires ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Urine and fecal specimens require ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which test cannot be used for identiﬁcation of a person's HIV status?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is correct regarding the polymerase chain reaction test?

Correct AnswerverifiedC

What is the advantage of using imaging such as CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans in diagnosis?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A technique known as ______ can analyze a culture or a patient sample in minutes based on a microbe's protein pro?le.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A direct immunoﬂuorescence test involves a/an ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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D

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E

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C

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