Question 1

The concept of hedonism as the control for voluntary behavior was proposed by which philosopher?

Accepted Answer

A)   Aristotle
B)   Locke
C)   Hobbes
D)   BrownE) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 2

Why is the learning-performance distinction important to researchers of learning phenomena? Provide three types of behavioral change that are not considered to be learning.Describe how each fails to meet the definition of learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is the learning-performance distinction important to...

Question 3

Describe the rationale for using animal models to study human behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the rationale for using animal models...

Question 4

Which of the following are rationales for the use of animal models of human behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)   Animal models are cheaper than studies with humans.
B)   Animal models permit the investigations to be carried out more simply.
C)   Animal models allow for circumstances that can be better controlled.
D)   All of theseE) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 5

Which of the following most correctly states Descartes' position on human and animal behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)   Human behavior is governed by free will; animal behavior is governed by reflexes.
B)   A few human and animal behaviors are governed by free will; most are governed by reflexes.
C)   Voluntary human behaviors are governed by free will; involuntary human behaviors and all animal behaviors are governed by reflexes.
D)   All human and animal behaviors can be explained by reflex mechanisms.E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 6

Charles Darwin

Accepted Answer

A)   argued that nonhuman animals had the capacity for curiosity, attention, and aesthetic sensibility.
B)   provided compelling evidence for various forms of animal intelligence.
C)   suggested that physical but not psychological traits are the product of evolution.
D)   All of theseE) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is not one of the "three Rs" for animal research as described by Russell and Burch?

Accepted Answer

A)   replacement
B)   refining
C)   referencing
D)   reducingE) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 8

Why must learning be studied with experimental instead of observational techniques?

Accepted Answer

A)   Causes can only be inferred, not observed directly.
B)   Causes are very similar across situations.
C)   Observations only provide evidence of prior experiences.
D)   Observational studies are only sufficient to document short-term behavior changes.E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 9

Which of the following best characterizes Pavlov's extension of Descartes' theory of reflexes?

Accepted Answer

A)   Pavlov demonstrated that new reflexes could develop through a mechanism of association.
B)   Pavlov demonstrated that reflexes are innate and based on neural anatomy.
C)   Pavlov demonstrated that reflexes are due to a stimulus releasing a response from inhibition.
D)   Pavlov demonstrated that complex ideas develop from associations between sensory experiences.E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 10

Explain how the research of I.M.Sechenov and Ivan Pavlov extended Descartes' early conceptualization of the role reflexes have in human behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how the research of I.M.Sechenov and...

Question 11

The generation of new,previously unknown facts about behavior must come from

Accepted Answer

A)   computer modeling.
B)   studying live organisms.
C)   studying live humans.
D)   studying live non-humans.E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 12

Why would one use an animal model of human behavior? What contributes to the validity of such studies? What precautions must be heeded while interpreting the data?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why would one use an animal model...

Question 13

John Swammerdam's contribution to the study of reflexes was to show that

Accepted Answer

A)   muscle contractions were not produced by an infusion of gas.
B)   mechanical irritation of a nerve produced a muscle contraction.
C)   nerves are hollow tubes.
D)   separate nerves are involved in sensory and motor transmission.E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 14

Like Descartes,Sechenov believed that reflexes were due to

Accepted Answer

A)   inflation of the muscle by gases.
B)   neural transmission by animal spirits.
C)   the fixed anatomy of the nervous system.
D)   irritation of nerves.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

All of the following are true of British empiricists except

Accepted Answer

A)   they believed that ideas were based on associations of simple sensory events.
B)   they conducted experiments to test the rules of association.
C)   they held that the mind was a blank slate at birth.
D)   they thought that sense experiences were the basis of knowledge.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 16

Which of the following is necessary when using animal models to study human behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)   One must assume that the animal in question is like humans.
B)   The animal behavior must be as complex as human behavior.
C)   One must identify a relevant similarity between the animal model and the human behavior of interest.
D)   The animal behavior must be similar to human behavior in most respects.E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 17

The philosophical tenet that some of the content of the human mind is innate is called

Accepted Answer

A)   dualism.
B)   nativism.
C)   empiricism.
D)   reflexism.E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 18

Describe Descartes' conception of the reflex and how the concept of the reflex has changed since his time.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe Descartes' conception of the reflex and...

Question 19

Describe the contributions to the study of learning made by three of the following individuals: René Descartes,John Locke,Thomas Hobbes,Thomas Brown,Aristotle,Hermann Ebbinghaus,I.M.Sechenov,Ivan Pavlov,Charles Darwin.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the contributions to the study of...

Question 20

Of the primary rules of association,which has been most prominent in considerations of associations?

Accepted Answer

A)   similarity
B)   contingency
C)   contrast
D)   contiguityE) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Exam 1: Introduction

The concept of hedonism as the control for voluntary behavior was proposed by which philosopher?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following best characterizes Pavlov's extension of Descartes' theory of reflexes?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why is the learning-performance distinction important to researchers of learning phenomena? Provide three types of behavioral change that are not considered to be learning.Describe how each fails to meet the definition of learning.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The philosophical tenet that some of the content of the human mind is innate is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why would one use an animal model of human behavior? What contributes to the validity of such studies? What precautions must be heeded while interpreting the data?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following most correctly states Descartes' position on human and animal behavior?

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All of the following are true of British empiricists except

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Why must learning be studied with experimental instead of observational techniques?

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Of the primary rules of association,which has been most prominent in considerations of associations?

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Charles Darwin

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Describe the rationale for using animal models to study human behavior.

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Explain how the research of I.M.Sechenov and Ivan Pavlov extended Descartes' early conceptualization of the role reflexes have in human behavior.

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Which of the following is necessary when using animal models to study human behavior?

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Which of the following is not one of the "three Rs" for animal research as described by Russell and Burch?

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John Swammerdam's contribution to the study of reflexes was to show that

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Describe Descartes' conception of the reflex and how the concept of the reflex has changed since his time.

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Like Descartes,Sechenov believed that reflexes were due to

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Describe the contributions to the study of learning made by three of the following individuals: René Descartes,John Locke,Thomas Hobbes,Thomas Brown,Aristotle,Hermann Ebbinghaus,I.M.Sechenov,Ivan Pavlov,Charles Darwin.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following are rationales for the use of animal models of human behavior?

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The generation of new,previously unknown facts about behavior must come from

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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