Question 1

Describe how the definition of learning dictates what type of science the study of learning must be.

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

John Locke believed that

Accepted Answer

A)  the human mind was unpredictable and governed by free will.
B)  the ideas humans had were acquired directly or indirectly after birth.
C)  nativism best described human cognition.
D)  rules of association did not explain human behavior.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 3

Comparisons of the behavior of laboratory-raised rats and the behavior of non-domesticated strains suggest that

Accepted Answer

A)  conclusions reached in laboratory experiments must be tempered by the greatly different behavior between the two strains.
B)  the animals behave similarly.
C)  laboratory-raised animals behave similarly to the non-domesticated strains only in controlled environments.
D)  laboratory-raised animals are not able to survive in non-controlled environments, which limits conclusions from laboratory research.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 4

According to Descartes, what is the difference between human and animal behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  Humans can perform voluntary behaviors; animals can perform only involuntary behaviors.
B)  Humans respond to environmental stimuli; animals only behave reflexively.
C)  Human reflexes are voluntary; animal reflexes are involuntary.
D)  Human behavior is explainable by natural laws; animal behavior is unpredictable.E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 5

The philosophical tenet that some of the content of the human mind is innate is called

Accepted Answer

A)  dualism.
B)  nativism.
C)  empiricism.
D)  reflexism.E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 6

Which of the following would correctly be identified as due to learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  A weight lifter can raise less and less weight as her sets go on.
B)  After a growth spurt, a child can now climb on the couch.
C)  In the spring, male birds are attracted to females, but not in the fall when the females are not receptive.
D)  None of theseE) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 7

How might learning be studied at each of the major levels of analysis: behavioral, neural system, and molecular/cellular?

Accepted Answer

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Question 8

What is the general-process approach? What evidence supports adopting such an approach in the study of learning phenomena? Why should caution be used in interpreting this evidence?

Accepted Answer

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Question 9

Why is the learning-performance distinction important to researchers of learning phenomena? Provide three types of behavioral change that are not considered to be learning.Describe how each fails to meet the definition of learning.

Accepted Answer

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Question 10

John Swammerdam's contribution to the study of reflexes was to show that

Accepted Answer

A)  muscle contractions were not produced by an infusion of gas.
B)  mechanical irritation of a nerve produced a muscle contraction.
C)  nerves are hollow tubes.
D)  separate nerves are involved in sensory and motor transmission.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 11

George Romanes defined animal intelligence as

Accepted Answer

A)  learning to make new adjustments or to modify old ones, in accordance with the results of an animal's own individual experience.
B)  the ability to solve ever more difficult problems in the environment or laboratory.
C)  interacting in a meaningful way with members of the same species.
D)  interacting in a meaningful way with members of other species.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 12

Sarah is interested in behavior accessible to conscious reflection.In terms of learning, she is probably most interested in

Accepted Answer

A)  procedural learning.
B)  problematic learning.
C)  declarative learning.
D)  esoteric learning.E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 13

Compare the research of Ivan Pavlov and Hermann Ebbinghaus.What do the two lines of investigation have in common?

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

Describe Descartes' conception of the reflex and how the concept of the reflex has changed since his time.

Accepted Answer

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Question 15

Which of the following are rationales for the use of animal models of human behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Animal models are cheaper than studies with humans.
B)  Animal models permit the investigations to be carried out more simply.
C)  Animal models allow for circumstances that can be better controlled.
D)  All of theseE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 16

Nativist and empiricist philosophies differ in beliefs of

Accepted Answer

A)  the contents, but not the mechanisms, of the human mind.
B)  the contents and mechanisms of the human mind only at birth.
C)  the contents and mechanisms of the human mind.
D)  the mechanisms, but not the contents, of the human mind.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 17

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Accepted Answer

A)  was the first to empirically test the rules of association.
B)  demonstrated that separate nerves carry sensory and motor information.
C)  set forth the secondary rules of association.
D)  showed that irritation of a nerve was sufficient to produce a muscle contraction.E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 18

The general-process approach to learning assumes that

Accepted Answer

A)  all animals respond to training in a similar manner.
B)  learning phenomena are products of elemental processes that are consistent across situations.
C)  learning phenomena are products of elemental processes that change across situations.
D)  differing species will learn about similar stimuli and responses similarly.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 19

Why must learning be studied with experimental instead of observational techniques?

Accepted Answer

A)  Causes can only be inferred, not observed directly.
B)  Causes are very similar across situations.
C)  Observations only provide evidence of prior experiences.
D)  Observational studies are only sufficient to document short-term behavior changes.E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 20

Bob has designed an experiment in which he trains a mother rat.He is interested in behavior changes in her not yet conceived pups.He is most likely focused on which level of analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Behavioral
B)  Cellular and genetic
C)  Neural system
D)  A non-scientific level of analysisE) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Exam 1: Introduction

John Swammerdam's contribution to the study of reflexes was to show that

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Compare the research of Ivan Pavlov and Hermann Ebbinghaus.What do the two lines of investigation have in common?

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Why must learning be studied with experimental instead of observational techniques?

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According to Descartes, what is the difference between human and animal behaviors?

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George Romanes defined animal intelligence as

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The general-process approach to learning assumes that

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What is the general-process approach? What evidence supports adopting such an approach in the study of learning phenomena? Why should caution be used in interpreting this evidence?

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Comparisons of the behavior of laboratory-raised rats and the behavior of non-domesticated strains suggest that

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Why is the learning-performance distinction important to researchers of learning phenomena? Provide three types of behavioral change that are not considered to be learning.Describe how each fails to meet the definition of learning.

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How might learning be studied at each of the major levels of analysis: behavioral, neural system, and molecular/cellular?

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Which of the following are rationales for the use of animal models of human behavior?

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Which of the following would correctly be identified as due to learning?

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Sarah is interested in behavior accessible to conscious reflection.In terms of learning, she is probably most interested in

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Nativist and empiricist philosophies differ in beliefs of

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Bob has designed an experiment in which he trains a mother rat.He is interested in behavior changes in her not yet conceived pups.He is most likely focused on which level of analysis?

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The philosophical tenet that some of the content of the human mind is innate is called

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Hermann Ebbinghaus

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Describe how the definition of learning dictates what type of science the study of learning must be.

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John Locke believed that

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Describe Descartes' conception of the reflex and how the concept of the reflex has changed since his time.

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