Question 1

According to Skinner, the fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that organisms tend to repeat those responses that

Accepted Answer

A)  reduce a biological need.
B)  are followed by favorable consequences.
C)  decrease the probability of the consequence that produced it.
D)  increase a biological need.E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 2

In Bandura's famous study on the power of modeling, the children who were MOST likely to play aggressively with the Bobo doll were the children who saw a film of a model behaving

Accepted Answer

A)  in a nonaggressive manner and receiving positive consequences.
B)  in a nonaggressive manner and receiving negative consequences.
C)  in an aggressive manner and receiving positive consequences.
D)  in an aggressive manner and receiving negative consequences.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 3

In a(n) _____ schedule, the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a(n) _____ schedule, the reinforcer is...

Question 4

Imagine eating a large bowl of ice cream. If just thinking about the ice cream causes your mouth to water, your salivation would be a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus.
B)  conditioned response.
C)  unconditioned stimulus.
D)  unconditioned response.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 5

In higher-order conditioning a(n)  _____ functions as if it were a(n)  _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
B)  unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
C)  conditioned response; unconditioned response
D)  unconditioned response; conditioned responseE) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 6

At preschool, Jessi has learned that she must wash her hands before snack-time in order to get a snack. At home, however, her parents do not check to make sure she washes her hands. When she is home, Jessi does not wash her hands before eating. Jessi's behavior illustrates the process of ​

Accepted Answer

A)  response generalization.
B)  response discrimination.
C)  stimulus generalization.
D)  stimulus discrimination.E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 7

Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, the pain of dental drilling is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned response.
B)  unconditioned stimulus.
C)  unconditioned response.
D)  conditioned stimulus.E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 8

Stimulus generalization occurs when ​

Accepted Answer

A)  there is a temporal association between two stimuli.
B)  an organism fails to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus used in conditioning.
C)  an unconditioned stimulus fails to elicit the unconditioned response.
D)  an organism responds to new stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 9

In terms of the traditional view of conditioning, research on conditioned taste aversion was surprising because ​

Accepted Answer

A)  there was a long delay between CS and US.
B)  the dislike of a particular taste was operantly conditioned.
C)  conditioning occurred to all stimuli present when the food was consumed.
D)  the sense of taste seems to be relatively weak.E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 10

Escape learning is a type of learning in which a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior.
B)  organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end.
C)  neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus.
D)  organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring.E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  G iving a child a sweet dessert as a reward for finishing his dinner
B)  P aying a child a dollar for each "A" received on her report card
C)  Stopping nagging a child when he finally cleans his room
D)  Cutting a child's TV time by 30 minutes each time she "talks back"E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 12

A pigeon learns to peck at a round disk to receive reinforcement, but not at a square disk. This means that, for the pigeon, the shape of the disk is a

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcer or nonreinforcer.
B)  punisher or nonpunisher.
C)  generalization stimulus.
D)  discriminative stimulus.E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 13

When using punishment in a self-modification program, you should

Accepted Answer

A)  make the punishment fairly severe.
B)  increase the intensity of the punishment over time.
C)  get a friend or family member to administer the punishment.
D)  make sure you have the opportunity to earn some reinforcers too.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 14

Josiah checks his email several times throughout the day. Some days there is mail each time he checks; sometimes several days go by with no new messages arriving. In this example, Josiah's behavior of checking his email is being reinforced on  a _____ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  variable-interval
B)  fixed-ratio
C)  fixed-interval
D)  variable-ratioE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 15

Research into signal relations, response-outcome relations, and observational learning all emphasize the

Accepted Answer

A)  importance of evolutionary adaptations in learning.
B)  limitations of using basic conditioning procedures in everyday situations.
C)  distinction between acquisition of behavior and the performance of behavior.
D)  role of cognitive processes in learning.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 16

According to the cognitive explanation of classical conditioning, a CS that is a "good" signal associated with a US is a CS that

Accepted Answer

A)  is novel or intense.
B)  has been paired with the US many times.
C)  accurately predicts the presentation of the US.
D)  is presented immediately after the US.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 17

Explain how a specific phobia could be acquired through classical conditioning, being sure to identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response in your example. Also, using classical conditioning, indicate how the phobia could be eliminated.

Accepted Answer

Good responses to this question should c...

Question 18

An antecedent in a behavior modification program is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  source of punishment.
B)  source of a reinforcement.
C)  consequence of performing a behavior.
D)  emotional component associated with the receipt of reinforcement or punishment.E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 19

Preparedness suggests that people would MOST easily develop phobias toward ​

Accepted Answer

A)  knives.
B)  electrical outlets.
C)  snakes.
D)  cars.E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 20

_____ refers to a relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ refers to a relatively durable change...

Exam 6: Learning

_____ refers to a relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.

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Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

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At preschool, Jessi has learned that she must wash her hands before snack-time in order to get a snack. At home, however, her parents do not check to make sure she washes her hands. When she is home, Jessi does not wash her hands before eating. Jessi's behavior illustrates the process of ​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In higher-order conditioning a(n) _____ functions as if it were a(n) _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Imagine eating a large bowl of ice cream. If just thinking about the ice cream causes your mouth to water, your salivation would be a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Preparedness suggests that people would MOST easily develop phobias toward ​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An antecedent in a behavior modification program is a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Skinner, the fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that organisms tend to repeat those responses that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In terms of the traditional view of conditioning, research on conditioned taste aversion was surprising because ​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research into signal relations, response-outcome relations, and observational learning all emphasize the

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In a(n) _____ schedule, the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the cognitive explanation of classical conditioning, a CS that is a "good" signal associated with a US is a CS that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Josiah checks his email several times throughout the day. Some days there is mail each time he checks; sometimes several days go by with no new messages arriving. In this example, Josiah's behavior of checking his email is being reinforced on a _____ schedule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when ​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain how a specific phobia could be acquired through classical conditioning, being sure to identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response in your example. Also, using classical conditioning, indicate how the phobia could be eliminated.

Correct AnswerverifiedGood responses to this question should c...View AnswerShow Answer

In Bandura's famous study on the power of modeling, the children who were MOST likely to play aggressively with the Bobo doll were the children who saw a film of a model behaving

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, the pain of dental drilling is a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A pigeon learns to peck at a round disk to receive reinforcement, but not at a square disk. This means that, for the pigeon, the shape of the disk is a

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Escape learning is a type of learning in which a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When using punishment in a self-modification program, you should

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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At preschool, Jessi has learned that she must wash her hands before snack-time in order to get a snack. At home, however, her parents do not check to make sure she washes her hands. When she is home, Jessi does not wash her hands before eating. Jessi's behavior illustrates the process of

Correct Answer
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In higher-order conditioning a(n) _ functions as if it were a(n) _.

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Preparedness suggests that people would MOST easily develop phobias toward

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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In terms of the traditional view of conditioning, research on conditioned taste aversion was surprising because

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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Stimulus generalization occurs when

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Good responses to this question should c...
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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