Question 1

What has contributed to the evidence for the generality of learning phenomena?

Accepted Answer

A)  studies of many different phenomena in humans
B)  studies of many different phenomena in rats
C)  studies of similar forms of learning across species
D)  studies of similar forms of learning in humansE) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 2

Which of the following most correctly states Descartes' position on human and animal behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Human behavior is governed by free will; animal behavior is governed by reflexes.
B)  A few human and animal behaviors are governed by free will; most are governed by reflexes.
C)  Voluntary human behaviors are governed by free will; involuntary human behaviors and all animal behaviors are governed by reflexes.
D)  All human and animal behaviors can be explained by reflex mechanisms.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 3

Briefly describe the two intellectual traditions that were stimulated by Cartesian dualism. How is each tradition represented in contemporary investigations of learning phenomena?

Accepted Answer

Answer not provided

Question 4

Sechenov extended Descartes' theory of reflexes by suggesting that

Accepted Answer

A)  not all reflexes are innate.
B)  mechanical stimulation of a nerve was sufficient to produce a motor response.
C)  reflexes are due to the fixed anatomy of the nervous system.
D)  some reflexes could be due to a stimulus releasing a response from inhibition.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 5

Which of the following best characterizes Pavlov's extension of Descartes' theory of reflexes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pavlov demonstrated that new reflexes could develop through a mechanism of association.
B)  Pavlov demonstrated that reflexes are innate and based on neural anatomy.
C)  Pavlov demonstrated that reflexes are due to a stimulus releasing a response from inhibition.
D)  Pavlov demonstrated that complex ideas develop from associations between sensory experiences.E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 6

Why is learning defined in terms of the mechanisms of behavior rather than by a behavior change itself?

Accepted Answer

A)  Behavior changes are short-lived; changes in the mechanisms are enduring.
B)  Behavior is due to many factors besides learning.
C)  Behavior does not change due to interaction with environmental stimuli.
D)  Behavior cannot be quantified; mechanisms can be.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 7

All of the following are true of British empiricists except

Accepted Answer

A)  they believed that ideas were based on associations of simple sensory events.
B)  they conducted experiments to test the rules of association.
C)  they held that the mind was a blank slate at birth.
D)  they thought that sense experiences were the basis of knowledge.E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 8

Compare the research of Ivan Pavlov and Hermann Ebbinghaus. What do the two lines of investigation have in common?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare the research of Ivan Pavlov and...

Question 9

Describe what happens when an action potential arrives at a synapse.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe what happens when an action potential...

Question 10

Describe the movements of ions across the neural membrane that allows for a neuron to send a signal down its length.

Accepted Answer

Answer not provided

Question 11

Describe the definition of learning and how learning is distinguished from other forms of behavior change.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the definition of learning and how...

Question 12

What can behavioral studies of learning demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  how the elements of the nervous system change due to associative learning
B)  the conditions under which information is acquired
C)  the features of the reflex arc necessary for learning to occur
D)  All of theseE) A) and D)
F) C) and D) B

Question 13

Comparisons of the behavior of laboratory-raised rats and the behavior of non-domesticated strains suggest that

Accepted Answer

A)  conclusions reached in laboratory experiments must be tempered by the greatly different behavior between the two strains.
B)  the animals behave similarly.
C)  laboratory-raised animals behave similarly to the non-domesticated strains only in controlled environments.
D)  laboratory-raised animals are not able to survive in non-controlled environments, which limits conclusions from laboratory research.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 14

Which of the following are rationales for the use of animal models of human behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Animal models are cheaper than studies with humans.
B)  Animal models permit the investigations to be carried out more simply.
C)  Animal models allow for circumstances that can be better controlled.
D)  All of theseE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

Which of the following is not true of the general-process approach to learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Elemental processes are assumed to operate in a similar manner across learning situations.
B)  Evidence of learning in diverse species provides support for the general-process approach.
C)  The generality is assumed to exist in the contents and speed of learning.
D)  The generality is assumed to exist in elemental laws of association.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 16

Why is the learning-performance distinction important to researchers of learning phenomena? Provide three types of behavioral change that are not considered to be learning. Describe how each fails to meet the definition of learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is the learning-performance distinction important to...

Question 17

Why would one use an animal model of human behavior? What contributes to the validity of such studies? What precautions must be heeded while interpreting the data?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why would one use an animal model...

Question 18

Explain how the research of I. M. Sechenov and Ivan Pavlov extended Descartes' early conceptualization of the role reflexes have in human behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how the research of I. M....

Question 19

Administration of a drug that prevents the movement of Ca ++ ions across the neural membrane into the cell is likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  increase neurotransmitter release.
B)  decrease the strength of the action potential.
C)  decrease neurotransmitter release.
D)  increase the strength of the action potential.E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 20

Describe how the definition of learning dictates what type of science the study of learning must be.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe how the definition of learning dictates...

Exam 1: Introduction

What has contributed to the evidence for the generality of learning phenomena?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following most correctly states Descartes' position on human and animal behavior?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Briefly describe the two intellectual traditions that were stimulated by Cartesian dualism. How is each tradition represented in contemporary investigations of learning phenomena?

Correct AnswerverifiedAnswer not provided

Sechenov extended Descartes' theory of reflexes by suggesting that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following best characterizes Pavlov's extension of Descartes' theory of reflexes?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why is learning defined in terms of the mechanisms of behavior rather than by a behavior change itself?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

All of the following are true of British empiricists except

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compare the research of Ivan Pavlov and Hermann Ebbinghaus. What do the two lines of investigation have in common?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe what happens when an action potential arrives at a synapse.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe the movements of ions across the neural membrane that allows for a neuron to send a signal down its length.

Correct AnswerverifiedAnswer not provided

Describe the definition of learning and how learning is distinguished from other forms of behavior change.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What can behavioral studies of learning demonstrate?

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Comparisons of the behavior of laboratory-raised rats and the behavior of non-domesticated strains suggest that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following are rationales for the use of animal models of human behavior?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is not true of the general-process approach to learning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why is the learning-performance distinction important to researchers of learning phenomena? Provide three types of behavioral change that are not considered to be learning. Describe how each fails to meet the definition of learning.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why would one use an animal model of human behavior? What contributes to the validity of such studies? What precautions must be heeded while interpreting the data?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain how the research of I. M. Sechenov and Ivan Pavlov extended Descartes' early conceptualization of the role reflexes have in human behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Administration of a drug that prevents the movement of Ca ++ ions across the neural membrane into the cell is likely to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe how the definition of learning dictates what type of science the study of learning must be.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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