Question 1

The elasticity of demand for candy is likely to be _____ the elasticity of demand for gasoline.

Accepted Answer

A)  the same as
B)  less than
C)  greater than
D)  This cannot be determined.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 2

Thirsty rats will drink more than they run in a wheel. When they are not thirsty, the same rats will run more than they drink. The evidence suggesting that running can be reinforced by drinking in thirsty rats, and drinking reinforced by running in non-thirsty rats, supports

Accepted Answer

A)  the differential probability theory.
B)  the drive reduction theory.
C)  the optimal foraging theory.
D)  the incentive motivation theory.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

A CS that had previously been paired with shock termination is presented to a rat pressing a lever for food reinforcement. According the two-process theory, the rate of lever presses is likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  increase.
B)  decrease.
C)  remain the same.
D)  increase briefly, then decrease.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 4

Which technique is similar to that employed to provide evidence of R-O associations?

Accepted Answer

A)  US devaluation
B)  blocking
C)  overshadowing
D)  response preventionE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 5

Which of the following theories views an instrumental contingency as a disruption of distribution of responses from free baseline?

Accepted Answer

A)  drive reduction theory
B)  the response allocation approach
C)  the response deprivation hypothesis
D)  optimal foraging theoryE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 6

Based on the data presented in the textbook, the best description of the action of dopamine is

Accepted Answer

A)  that it codes negative valences for stimuli.
B)  that it codes positive valences for stimuli.
C)  that it codes the reward prediction error.
D)  that it codes the reward.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 7

Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiments are designed to explore

Accepted Answer

A)  the effects of omission control procedures.
B)  the effect of rg on the instrumental response.
C)  the development of the rg-sg expectancy.
D)  the effects of a CS on instrumental behavior.E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 8

What is likely to occur in the testing phase of a Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  A conditional stimulus that had previously been trained in a compound is presented alone.
B)  A conditional stimulus is presented while an organism is engaged in an instrumental behavior.
C)  A conditional response is recorded as an organism makes an instrumental response.
D)  An unconditional stimulus is presented while an organism is making a conditional response.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C) B

Question 9

An instrumental conditioning procedure provides the opportunity for a subject to learn many associations. Which of the following possible associations is thought to arise due to classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  S-O
B)  R-O
C)  S-R
D)  All of the aboveE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 10

In order to determine if one response will reinforce another, what would Premack suggest you need to know?

Accepted Answer

A)  the primary drive level of the subject
B)  the incentive drive level of the subject
C)  the species typical response rate
D)  the probabilities of each responseE) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 11

A child would normally eat candy for 20 minutes of each hour and play pinball for 40 minutes. According to the minimum deviation model, if the child is required on average to play pinball for 50 minutes in order to eat candy for 20 minutes, the child will most likely distribute its behavior to

Accepted Answer

A)  play pinball for 50 minutes to gain access to 20 minutes of candy.
B)  play pinball for only 40 minutes for less than 20 minutes of candy.
C)  play pinball for between 40 and 50 minutes for less than 20 minutes of candy.
D)  play pinball for more than 50 minutes to get as much candy as possible.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 12

The distribution of responses that occurs in the absence of restrictions is called

Accepted Answer

A)  the unrestricted baseline.
B)  the Premack principle.
C)  the Premack baseline.
D)  the behavioral deprivation point.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 13

According to Hull and Spence, what mediates expectancy of reward?

Accepted Answer

A)  the R-O association
B)  the S-O association
C)  the O-R association
D)  the S-R associationE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 14

In some cases, imposing an instrumental contingency makes it impossible for an organism to return to the free-baseline behavioral bliss point. In these circumstances,

Accepted Answer

A)  the animal relies on physiological mechanisms of motivation.
B)  the animal relies on sensory reinforcement.
C)  the animal performs whichever response was last reinforced.
D)  the animal is motivated to defend against challenges to its most comfortable distribution of responses.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 15

Which of the following theories suggests it is possible for a low probability response to reinforce a high probability response?

Accepted Answer

A)  the Premack principle
B)  the differential probability theory
C)  drive reduction theory
D)  the response deprivation hypothesisE) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 16

An instrumental contingency results in increased performance of a target instrumental response. According to the response allocation approach, this increase is due to

Accepted Answer

A)  behavioral regulatory mechanisms that function to minimize deviations from the optimal distribution of responses.
B)  an animal's attempts to earn as many reinforcers as possible, given the time constraints.
C)  changes in the physiological drive state of the organism during response deprivation.
D)  activation of dedicated brain pathways sensitive to response contingencies.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D) A

Question 17

What is the central premise of the modern two-process theory? Describe specific predictions of the theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the central premise of the...

Question 18

According to the minimum deviation model, when an instrumental contingency is imposed that will not allow an animal to achieve its behavioral bliss point,

Accepted Answer

A)  the animal will fulfill the optimal level of responding for biologically driven responses.
B)  the animal will fulfill the optimal level of responding only for the instrumental response.
C)  the animal will compromise and perform more of the instrumental response and less of the contingent response.
D)  the animal will fulfill the optimal level of the contingent response.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 19

If you wanted to study "spending" in an instrumental procedure, you would be interested in

Accepted Answer

A)  the instrumental contingency.
B)  the instrumental behavior.
C)  the deprivation period.
D)  the reinforcer quality.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C) B

Question 20

According to Berridge and Robinson

Accepted Answer

A)  liking is related to the unconscious motivation to obtain a reward.
B)  liking is related to the hedonic state elicited by a reward.
C)  liking encodes the subject's drive to consume a reward.
D)  liking encodes the subjects's drive to obtain a reward.E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Exam 7: Instrumental Conditioning

The elasticity of demand for candy is likely to be _____ the elasticity of demand for gasoline.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Thirsty rats will drink more than they run in a wheel. When they are not thirsty, the same rats will run more than they drink. The evidence suggesting that running can be reinforced by drinking in thirsty rats, and drinking reinforced by running in non-thirsty rats, supports

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A CS that had previously been paired with shock termination is presented to a rat pressing a lever for food reinforcement. According the two-process theory, the rate of lever presses is likely to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which technique is similar to that employed to provide evidence of R-O associations?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following theories views an instrumental contingency as a disruption of distribution of responses from free baseline?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Based on the data presented in the textbook, the best description of the action of dopamine is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiments are designed to explore

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is likely to occur in the testing phase of a Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiment?

Correct AnswerverifiedB

An instrumental conditioning procedure provides the opportunity for a subject to learn many associations. Which of the following possible associations is thought to arise due to classical conditioning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In order to determine if one response will reinforce another, what would Premack suggest you need to know?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A child would normally eat candy for 20 minutes of each hour and play pinball for 40 minutes. According to the minimum deviation model, if the child is required on average to play pinball for 50 minutes in order to eat candy for 20 minutes, the child will most likely distribute its behavior to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The distribution of responses that occurs in the absence of restrictions is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Hull and Spence, what mediates expectancy of reward?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In some cases, imposing an instrumental contingency makes it impossible for an organism to return to the free-baseline behavioral bliss point. In these circumstances,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following theories suggests it is possible for a low probability response to reinforce a high probability response?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An instrumental contingency results in increased performance of a target instrumental response. According to the response allocation approach, this increase is due to

Correct AnswerverifiedA

What is the central premise of the modern two-process theory? Describe specific predictions of the theory.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the minimum deviation model, when an instrumental contingency is imposed that will not allow an animal to achieve its behavioral bliss point,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If you wanted to study "spending" in an instrumental procedure, you would be interested in

Correct AnswerverifiedB

According to Berridge and Robinson

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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B

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A

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B

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