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The pairing of activity of which two neurotransmitters is thought to act as a "teacher" that binds sensory attributes with reward value?


A) GABA and dopamine
B) dopamine and glutamate
C) glutamate and GABA
D) acetylcholine and GABA

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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The unrestricted baseline or behavioral bliss point is best defined as


A) a time when all physiological drives are at a minimum.
B) a distribution of responses, among available alternatives, in the absence of restrictions.
C) a distribution of sensations that generate behaviors indicative of a pleasure response.
D) a behavior that is the most likely to occur.

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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When response allocation cannot return an organism to its bliss point, the response allocation between instrumental and contingent behaviors becomes a matter of compromise. Which theory suggests that the new distribution of behaviors is the least different from bliss point?


A) drive reduction theory
B) minimum deviation model of behavioral regulation
C) the Premack principle
D) optimal foraging theory

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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According to the response deprivation hypothesis, an organism will work to gain access to a reinforcer response if


A) access to that reinforcer response has been restricted.
B) the baseline probability of making that response is greater than that of making the instrumental response.
C) the baseline probability of making that response is less than that of the making the instrumental response.
D) making that response reduces a deprived physiological drive state.

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Fearing failure, Keith was cramming for his upcoming exam under the watchful eye of mean old Professor Jones. According to two-process theory, when Keith notices the evil professor pull out his briefcase in order to leave, Keith will study


A) more intensely at first and the less intensely.
B) at the same rate.
C) less intensely.
D) more intensely.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Hull and Spence added a classical conditioning component to Thorndike's Law of Effect by suggesting that the presence of stimuli S


A) elicits the response.
B) elicits an expectation of the response.
C) elicits the outcome.
D) elicits an expectation of the outcome.

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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In economic concepts of response allocation, "prices" are equivalent to


A) instrumental schedules.
B) instrumental behaviors.
C) instrumental rewards.
D) instrumental spending.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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One contribution of the response allocation approach was that it moved us toward considering instrumental conditioning as


A) stamping in instrumental behavior.
B) creating a new distribution of responses.
C) strengthening an instrumental response.
D) a biological mechanism.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Kim was working diligently on her art project in order to earn a gold star. According to two-process theory, when she smelled the perfume of her favorite teacher, signaling the teacher's arrival, Kim's work rate


A) remained the same.
B) increased at first, then decreased.
C) increased.
D) decreased.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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According to the two-process theory, emotional states


A) develop from an association between the stimuli S and the instrumental response.
B) are characteristic of the peripheral nervous system.
C) only act to suppress behaviors, as in CER procedures.
D) do not invariably lead to particular responses.

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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According to the two-process theory, classically conditioned emotional states are assumed to


A) elicit specific conditioned responses.
B) elicit specific instrumental responses.
C) motivate instrumental behavior.
D) arise from the rg-sg mechanism.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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According to reward-specific expectancies, lever press behavior rewarded with access to food will most increase if a CS is presented that had previously been paired with


A) water
B) sugar water
C) food
D) all of the above

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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A rat is first trained to press a lever for food reinforcement. Then, a tone is sounded and a brief footshock is delivered. Lastly, the rat is again allowed to press the lever for food, and the experimenter records how the rat's lever pressing behavior changes when the tone is sounded. This researcher is employing


A) a Pavlovian instrumental transfer procedure.
B) an omission control procedure.
C) a blocking procedure.
D) negative reinforcement procedure.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Newspapers have seen a steep decline in readership due to the availability of 24 h news channels. This demonstrates that the elasticity of demand


A) is dependent on the availability of substitutes.
B) is invariant for luxury items.
C) is invariant for necessary items.
D) is independent of consumer desire.

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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What are the primary contributions of economic concepts to the understanding of the motivational bases of instrumental behavior?

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Two-process theory predicts that instrumental responding will decrease if


A) the central emotional state reflects a negative mood.
B) the central emotional state was conditioned with an aversive stimulus.
C) the central emotional state was conditioned with an appetitive stimulus.
D) the conditioned central emotional state is opposite to the emotions that motivate instrumental behavior.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Intuition suggests that subjects make responses in order to receive a particular outcome. What evidence is there of R-O associations in animals?

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Bob was washing dishes to avoid getting fired. Just then he heard the sound of his crazy boss arriving at the restaurant. According to the two-process theory, he will now wash the dishes


A) more rapidly.
B) less rapidly.
C) at the same rate.
D) more rapidly at first and then less rapidly.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Which of the following is not true of the two-process theory?


A) It assumes that the rate of an instrumental response will be modified by the presentation of a classically conditioned stimulus.
B) It assumes that the primary outcome of the classical conditioning that occurs during instrumental conditioning trials involves the learning of a particular response.
C) It assumes that classically conditioned stimuli do not always suppress responding, as in the CER procedure.
D) It assumes that central emotional states become conditioned to either situational cues or to discriminative stimuli.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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If a situation remains unchanged during an experiment, the unrestricted baseline is assumed to


A) vary with the physiological drive state of the animal.
B) vary with shifting motivational states of the organism.
C) be stable across time for an organism.
D) vary with differing behaviors of the animal.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

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