Question 1

For which of the following items will a 10% price increase have the greatest impact on the demand for the object?

Accepted Answer

A)  a 50 cent candy bar
B)  a 10 cent candy bar
C)  a 1 dollar box of candy
D)  a 5 dollar box of candyE) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 2

Which of the following cannot be explained well without R-O mechanisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  A rat decreases lever-pressing for food when presented with a CS for footshock, but increases pressing when a CS signaling access to food is presented.
B)  A rat decreases rod-pushing for food when presented with a CS that signals the end of access to food, but increases pushing when a CS signaling access to sugar water is presented.
C)  A rat decreases licking a grape-flavored solution after that solution was paired with illness, but continues to lick a strawberry-flavored solution.
D)  A rat decreases pushing a bar to the right for food after that food was paired with illness, but continues to push the bar to the left for water.E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 3

According to Premack's theory,

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement is dependent on species typical responses.
B)  protecting physiological homeostasis motivates behavior.
C)  high probability responses reinforce lower probability responses.
D)  the likelihood of all instrumental responses is the same.E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 4

The bliss point can be identified by

Accepted Answer

A)  the relative frequency of behavior under instrumental constraint.
B)  the relative sensory input under instrumental constraint.
C)  the relative sensory input in an unconstrained situation.
D)  the relative frequency of behavior in an unconstrained situation.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 5

Which of the following CS pairings during Phase 2 is most likely to result in a sign tracking response that will complicate the interpretation of a Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  A tone CS is paired with an annoying noise.
B)  A key light CS is paired with footshock.
C)  An odor CS is paired with the termination of an annoying noise.
D)  A puff of air CS is paired with termination of food access.E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 6

What investigative techniques are used to provide evidence of R-O associations? Why is it not possible to explain instrumental behavior by assuming only R-O association learning?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What investigative techniques are used to provide...

Question 7

How do studies of the associative structure of instrumental conditioning help in understanding the nature of drug addiction?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How do studies of the associative structure...

Question 8

Describe similarities and differences between the Premack principle and subsequent response allocation models.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe similarities and differences between the Premack...

Question 9

Suppose you want to reduce the occurrence of some undesired social behavior (like illegal drug use). Describe two things you would do that, according to economic concepts of response allocation, would decrease the behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose you want to reduce the occurrence...

Question 10

According to which of the following theories is the instrumental conditioning procedure itself responsible for the creation of a reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  the Premack principle
B)  drive reduction theory
C)  the response deprivation hypothesis
D)  the differential probability theoryE) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 11

Most intuitive explanations of instrumental behavior are based on _____ associations.

Accepted Answer

A)  R-O
B)  S-R
C)  S-O
D)  R-SE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 12

Describe what an S-O association is and what research tactic provides the best evidence for it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe what an S-O association is and...

Question 13

Which of the following is the focus of the response allocation approach?

Accepted Answer

A)  the relative probabilities of instrumental responses in instrumental conditioning
B)  the relative probabilities of reinforcing responses in instrumental conditioning
C)  the drive states of an organism in instrumental conditioning
D)  the distribution of responses and how they are altered in instrumental conditioningE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 14

What factors influence the elasticity of demand? How do these factors influence our understanding of instrumental conditioning studies with animals?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What factors influence the elasticity of demand?...

Question 15

Provide evidence that supports the hypothesis that animals can develop specific reward expectancies during conditioning procedures.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Provide evidence that supports the hypothesis that...

Question 16

Which of the following is not considered a contribution of the Premack principle?

Accepted Answer

A)  It encouraged thinking about reinforcers as responses.
B)  It pointed out that any activity could be used as a reinforcer.
C)  It pointed out sensory reinforcement as an alternative to drive reduction.
D)  It paved the way for applications of reinforcement procedures to many differing human problems.E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 17

Which of the following is not considered a determinant of the elasticity of demand?

Accepted Answer

A)  availability of substitutes
B)  price range
C)  income level
D)  reinforcer quantityE) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 18

Which of the following relationships are not included in two process theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  O-O
B)  R-O
C)  S(R-O) 
D)  none of the above are includedE) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 19

Artificially sweetened solutions made a substantial contribution to theories of reinforcement because

Accepted Answer

A)  they have a bitter aftertaste and provide bidirectional reward.
B)  they cannot reduce a biological need but still are rewarding.
C)  they are a supernormal stimulus.
D)  all of the aboveE) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 20

If you wanted to increase the "price" in an instrumental procedure, you could

Accepted Answer

A)  increase the size of the reinforcer.
B)  increase the sensory reinforcement of the reward.
C)  increase the number of lever presses required.
D)  increase the deprivation time.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Exam 7: Instrumental Conditioning

For which of the following items will a 10% price increase have the greatest impact on the demand for the object?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Suppose you want to reduce the occurrence of some undesired social behavior (like illegal drug use). Describe two things you would do that, according to economic concepts of response allocation, would decrease the behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is not considered a contribution of the Premack principle?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How do studies of the associative structure of instrumental conditioning help in understanding the nature of drug addiction?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Artificially sweetened solutions made a substantial contribution to theories of reinforcement because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If you wanted to increase the "price" in an instrumental procedure, you could

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe similarities and differences between the Premack principle and subsequent response allocation models.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What factors influence the elasticity of demand? How do these factors influence our understanding of instrumental conditioning studies with animals?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What investigative techniques are used to provide evidence of R-O associations? Why is it not possible to explain instrumental behavior by assuming only R-O association learning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is not considered a determinant of the elasticity of demand?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is the focus of the response allocation approach?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The bliss point can be identified by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Premack's theory,

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to which of the following theories is the instrumental conditioning procedure itself responsible for the creation of a reinforcer?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following CS pairings during Phase 2 is most likely to result in a sign tracking response that will complicate the interpretation of a Pavlovian instrumental transfer experiment?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following relationships are not included in two process theory?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following cannot be explained well without R-O mechanisms?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Provide evidence that supports the hypothesis that animals can develop specific reward expectancies during conditioning procedures.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most intuitive explanations of instrumental behavior are based on _____ associations.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe what an S-O association is and what research tactic provides the best evidence for it.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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