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A rat is placed in a test arena. When a two-second tone sounds, the rat must push a lever in the arena to prevent a mild footshock from being delivered. If the rat does not push the lever, the shock is delivered periodically until the lever is depressed. On early trials, the rat often fails to push the lever until the shock is delivered. These early trials are referred to as


A) escape trials.
B) punishment trials.
C) avoidance trials.
D) omission trials.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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Which theory rejects the importance of instrumental conditioning in the development of the form of avoidance behavior?


A) the predatory imminence hypothesis
B) the safety-signal hypothesis
C) SSDR theory
D) the shock-frequency reduction theory

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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The difference between an escape trial and an avoidance trial is that


A) escape is active avoidance and avoidance trials are passive avoidance.
B) escape trials are passive avoidance and avoidance trials are active.
C) the aversive US is delivered during an escape trial but not in an avoidance trial.
D) the aversive US is delivered during an avoidance trial but not in an escape trial.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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According to the conditioned emotional response theory of punishment, punishment results in response suppression because


A) subjects learn to engage in behaviors incompatible with the target response.
B) subjects make avoidance responses that compete with the target response.
C) punishment weakens the association between the eliciting stimulus and the target response.
D) pre-response cues elicit fear reactions that are incompatible with the target response.

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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Compare discriminated avoidance to free-operant avoidance procedures.

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Which theory suggests that punishment causes response suppression because a subject learns to engage in behaviors incompatible with the target response?


A) SSDR theory
B) the conditioned emotional response theory of punishment
C) the avoidance theory of punishment
D) the negative law of effect

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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A guinea pig can prevent mild footshock by turning a running wheel during a brief tone CS. Early in training, the guinea pig receives several shocks because it fails to spin the wheel in time. However, over several trials the guinea pig successfully learns to prevent the shock. These later successful trials are most correctly referred to as


A) escape trials.
B) avoidance trials.
C) omission trials.
D) acquired drive trials.

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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How is avoidance responding related to conditioned fear and the expectation of aversive stimulation?

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The goal of escape from fear experiments is to


A) examine the role of conditioned reinforcers in the control of appetitive behaviors.
B) explore how classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning make separate contributions to avoidance behaviors.
C) demonstrate the role of punishment in the control of instrumental behaviors.
D) examine the role played by omission training in the development of conditioned reinforcers.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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In a flooding procedure, the subject is


A) exposed to the US but unable to make the UR.
B) exposed to the UR but unable to make the avoidance response.
C) exposed to the CS but unable to make the avoidance response.
D) exposed to the US without exposure to the CS.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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One problem with using punishment to alter behavior is that parents will often pay less attention to a child when it is reading quietly than when he or she is engaging in a behavior that is unacceptable. When this happens,


A) punishment may become a signal for positive reinforcement.
B) a discriminated punishment procedure is being used.
C) an overcorrection procedure is being used.
D) punishment is ineffective because of the lack of an alternative response.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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Which theory assumes positive reinforcement accounts for avoidance behaviors?


A) safety-signal hypothesis
B) SSDR theory
C) two-process theory of avoidance
D) predatory imminence theory

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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Your friend checks her shoes before riding on the escalator, to make sure they are tied and will not get caught between the moving steps. You recognize her behavior as which of the following?


A) active avoidance
B) passive avoidance
C) an escape response
D) a flooding response

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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The reduction of fear to the shock-avoidance CS that accompanies extended avoidance training


A) is accompanied by a reduction in avoidance responses.
B) has little effect on avoidance responses.
C) reduces the persistence of avoidance responses.
D) results in the flooding of avoidance responses.

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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What is the fundamental problem in the analysis of avoidance behavior, and how is this problem resolved by two-process theory?

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Which theory suggests that the stimuli accompanying avoidance responses provide positive reinforcement for avoidance behavior?


A) the response prevention theory
B) the safety-signal hypothesis
C) the shock-frequency reduction hypothesis
D) the two-process theory of avoidance

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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Your friend tells you that she studies to avoid getting bad grades. Her explanation of the behavior is most like


A) the safety-signal hypothesis.
B) SSDR theory.
C) shock-frequency reduction theory.
D) the two-process theory of avoidance.

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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How can the concept of a safety signal be used to explain free-operant avoidance learning?

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The first component of the two-process theory of avoidance is


A) punishment of the CR.
B) conditioning fear to the CS.
C) punishment of the CS.
D) conditioning fear to the US.

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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Keith's father is pleased to note that Keith no longer spends his afternoons breaking windows. According to his father, this change in behavior is due to Keith's fear of punishment, but Keith says that he no longer breaks windows because he likes working on cars and no longer has time to find windows to break. Keith's attitude reflects the assumptions of


A) the conditioned emotional response theory of punishment.
B) the avoidance theory of punishment.
C) the predatory imminence hypothesis.
D) the negative law of effect.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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