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Do depressed moods cause negative thinking, or does negative thinking cause depression?

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Both statements are true to some extent. Depression can lead to negative thinking as it can cause individuals to view the world and their experiences in a more negative light. This is due to the changes in brain chemistry and function that occur with depression. On the other hand, persistent negative thinking can also lead to depression. This is because constant negative thoughts can alter brain structure and function, leading to changes in mood and behavior that are characteristic of depression. Therefore, it's a complex relationship where both can influence each other.

Discuss the use of negative explanatory style.

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Negative explanatory style refers to the...

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Review the findings on the relationship between friendships and happiness.

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Several studies have found a strong rela...

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Married people are happier people, partly because they are less likely to suffer loneliness. Why else does marriage promote happiness?

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Marriage promotes happiness for a variety of reasons beyond just reducing loneliness. One reason is the emotional support and companionship that comes with being in a committed relationship. Having a spouse to share life's ups and downs with can provide a sense of security and comfort. Additionally, married couples often have a built-in support system for dealing with stress and challenges. Marriage also promotes happiness through the potential for physical health benefits. Studies have shown that married individuals tend to live longer, have lower rates of heart disease, and are less likely to engage in risky behaviors. This could be due to the fact that spouses often encourage each other to make healthier lifestyle choices and provide motivation for staying physically active. Furthermore, marriage can provide financial stability and security, which can contribute to overall happiness. Sharing expenses and pooling resources can alleviate financial stress and provide a sense of security for the future. In addition, marriage can lead to a sense of purpose and fulfillment, as couples work together to build a life and create a family. Having a partner to share goals, dreams, and accomplishments with can bring a deep sense of satisfaction and happiness. Overall, marriage promotes happiness through emotional support, physical health benefits, financial stability, and a sense of purpose and fulfillment. These factors contribute to the overall well-being of married individuals and can enhance their overall happiness.

According to Baretto et al. (2021) , which of the following is LEAST likely to be lonely?


A) older people
B) men
C) younger people
D) women

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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D

According to research (Cacioppo et al., 2014; Kraav et al., 2020) , loneliness puts people at increased risk for all of the following EXCEPT


A) high blood pressure.
B) cognitive decline.
C) obesity.
D) cancer.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Discuss how confirmation bias can lead clinicians to be overconfident in their clinical judgments.

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Confirmation bias can lead clinicians to...

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In the context of implications for better clinical practice, one important effect of hindsight is that it can


A) eliminate the tendency to see relationships that you expect to see.
B) be very helpful in developing hypotheses about personality traits.
C) lead to increased cautiousness and decreased confidence.
D) lead to both overconfidence and the tendency to judge yourself too harshly.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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