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Exam 9: Measurement

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Question 1

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Some child-welfare workers observe children playing with anatomically correct dolls to help them assess whether those children have been sexually abused. If a child simulates sexual acts with the dolls, it is viewed as evidence that the child may be a victim of sexual abuse. What are some sources of systematic and random measurement error in this approach to assessment? How could the reliability and validity of this assessment procedure be gauged?​

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Some sources of systematic measurement error in this approach to assessment could include the bias of the child-welfare worker conducting the observation. If the worker has preconceived notions about what constitutes evidence of sexual abuse, they may interpret the child's behavior with the dolls in a way that confirms their beliefs, leading to a systematic error in the assessment. Random measurement error could occur if the child's behavior with the dolls is influenced by factors unrelated to sexual abuse, such as their mood on the day of the observation or their familiarity with the dolls themselves. The reliability of this assessment procedure could be gauged by having multiple child-welfare workers independently observe and assess the same child with the dolls. If their assessments consistently align, it would indicate that the procedure is reliable. Additionally, test-retest reliability could be assessed by having the same worker observe the child with the dolls on multiple occasions and comparing their assessments over time. The validity of the assessment procedure could be gauged by comparing the results of the doll observation with other measures of sexual abuse, such as interviews with the child or reports from other sources. If the doll observation consistently aligns with these other measures, it would indicate that the procedure is valid. Additionally, predictive validity could be assessed by following up with the child over time to see if those who exhibited certain behaviors with the dolls were more likely to be confirmed as victims of sexual abuse.

Question 2

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Professor Lum asked respondents, "How old are you?" Later in the interview Lum asked, "What is your date of birth?" This illustrates that Lum was interested in the ________ of the measurement.​

A) ​face validity
B) ​validity
C) ​precision
D) ​reliability

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Question 3

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Describe how qualitative studies attempt to deal with reliability and validity.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about reliability and validity in qualitative research?​

Reliability and validity are handled precisely in the same ways in qualitative inquiry as they are in quantitative inquiry.

The tendency of people to answer questions through a filter that will convey a favorable impression is called​

Each source of data -- including written self-reports, interviews, direct behavioral observation and examining available records -- is vulnerable to measurement error.

If a measure is valid, it must also be reliable.

Concurrent validity is one form of criterion-related validity.

An instrument is developed with the intent to measure whether the parenting skills of parents referred for child abuse or neglect improve after participation in a parenting education treatment program. The instrument is found to be valid when untreated parents referred for child abuse or neglect score much worse on it than model parents who are child therapists. Which of the following statements is/are true about the instrument?​

Reliability involves​

Factorial validity refers to how many different constructs a scale measures and whether the number of constructs and the items comprising those constructs are what the researcher intends.

Given a scale to measure family risk of child abuse or neglect, contrast a way to measure the criterion-related validity of the scale with a way to measure that scale's construct validity.

Professor Myth asked respondents whether or not they had ever been divorced. One year later Professor Myth asked respondents the same question. Myth found that with repeated applications of the measure different responses were obtained for the same subject. This means that the measuring instrument was​

Professor Smith gave an exam on Monday. On Wednesday Smith gave the same class the same exam. Professor Smith was clearly interested in assessing the exam's​

The use of several different research methods to test the same finding is called triangulation.

Asking a group of experts whether the items on a scale appear to measure what they intend to measure is a good way to assess the scale's​

Interrater Reliability is one form of reliability.

Mr. Isle has noticed that several women he considers to be very feminine wear dresses or skirts often. Therefore, he decides he will determine a woman's degree of femininity by finding out how many times she wears a skirt or a dress over a period of a month. The women who wear dresses or skirts most frequently will be considered the most feminine; those who rarely wear either will be considered the least feminine. Is Mr. Isle's method of measuring femininity reliable? Why or why not? Is his method of measuring femininity valid? Why or why not? What is the tension that often exists between the criteria of reliability and validity?

Unobtrusive observation can be used for the purpose of minimizing social desirability bias.