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The two most frequently used methods in prevention research for examining psychopathology across time are


A) longitudinal and case study.
B) case study and experimental.
C) longitudinal and cross-sectional.
D) experimental and cross-sectional.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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Anna, a psychoanalytic psychologist, created an assessment that asks individuals to describe emotions elicited by vague, geometric shapes. Anna believes that the responses made by her patients will reveal their unconscious conflicts. After administering the assessment, she intends to draw conclusions about her patients' well-being from the content of these descriptions. This assessment belongs in the category of


A) Intelligence tests
B) Emotional tests
C) Projective tests
D) Clinical interviewing

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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C

When observational data are being collected, the observer's presence may cause a person to behave differently, a phenomenon known as


A) reactivity.
B) structuring.
C) recording.
D) monitoring.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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One important difference between a typical case study and the single-case experiment is that during the single-case experiment, behavior is generally


A) manipulated.
B) controlled by the experimenter.
C) measured more than once.
D) observed in the natural environment.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

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C

The most influential and successful research generally utilizes


A) multiple well-controlled, double-blind experiments.
B) a combination of well-controlled correlational studies and cross-sectional research.
C) a program of multiple research designs over a period of time.
D) multiple cross-sectional and longitudinal designs over a period of time.

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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All of the following are potential dangers of assigning a diagnostic label EXCEPT


A) the patient may lose self-esteem.
B) the patient's prognosis (future course of the disorder) becomes difficult to predict.
C) family and friends may see the patient as the disorder rather than an individual.
D) healthcare workers may see the patient as the disorder rather than an individual.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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The dimensional approach to diagnosis is characterized by


A) a quantification of patients' experiences using scales measuring several areas, such as anxiety or depression.
B) lists of symptoms that patients must experience for the diagnosis to be assigned.
C) essential elements that all patients must report for the diagnosis to be assigned, but allowance for specific nonessential variations as well.
D) a theoretical explanation for the underlying cause of the disorder that is assumed to be shared by all patients experiencing similar symptoms.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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The terms taxonomy and nosology refer to


A) scientific classification.
B) the accuracy of a diagnostic system.
C) the reliability of a grouping of clinical symptoms.
D) theoretical ideas that cannot be tested objectively.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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Monozygotic twins allow for unique genetic studies because they


A) have identical genes.
B) always share the same environment.
C) share approximately 50 percent of the same genes.
D) are usually raised in similar ways.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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The calculation of an IQ, previously done by using a child's mental age, is now done by using a deviation IQ. This means that the child's score is compared to the scores of others


A) of the same age.
B) in the same grade.
C) who took the test at the same time.
D) with the same level of intelligence.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Which type of problem is shared by the placebo control method and the withdrawal design method?


A) Lack of control of the independent variable
B) Ethical concern of withholding treatment from those who need it
C) Ethical issue of tricking people into thinking that they will get better
D) The fact that the individual will likely respond to the unique circumstances of the research setting

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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A variation of correlation research that is used to compare different people at different ages is called _________.


A) cohort effect
B) genetic marker
C) longitudinal designs
D) cross-sectional designs

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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A new research study is published and becomes the "hot story" in the news today. This story concerns you because the researchers report that they are the first scientists to find a higher incidence of depression in individuals who are taking a particular vitamin-the same vitamin that your physician has had you taking for years. While this may be cause for you to investigate further, you probably shouldn't panic, because


A) your physician will call you if there is anything to worry about.
B) research like this is rarely accurate.
C) without replication, the finding could just be due to coincidence.
D) unless it was a double-blind experiment, the results are almost certainly in error.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Clinicians who use projective tests have their own method of __________.


A) Administration
B) Cognition
C) Behavioral Analysis
D) None of these are correct.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

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A hypothesis is defined as a(n)


A) theory.
B) empirical conclusion.
C) research study.
D) educated guess.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Adoption studies are often used when attempting to study the influence of genetic factors on psychological disorders because these studies allow examination of genetic influences of psychopathology


A) without the typical confound of common biological parents.
B) using more sophisticated statistical techniques.
C) through direct examination of genetic causes.
D) without the typical confound of siblings raised in the same environment.

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Recent research involving PET scans has shown that patients with Alzheimer's disease have


A) increased dopamine reuptake in the occipital lobes.
B) increased serotonin levels in the temporal lobes.
C) reduced glucose metabolism in the parietal lobes.
D) reduced amino acid production in the frontal lobes.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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Internal validity is defined as


A) the extent to which the results of a study can be explained by the dependent variable.
B) the degree to which the hypothesis is supported by the study.
C) the overall quality of the research.
D) the extent to which the results in a study can be explained by the independent variable.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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In well-designed research studies, medications that enhance serotonin functioning have been found to help patients recover from episodes of depression. Given the realities of the patient uniformity myth, it would be a mistake to conclude that


A) level of serotonin function is correlated with depression.
B) all depressed patients will be helped by these medications.
C) research can help us determine which treatments should be used for depression.
D) medication can be an appropriate treatment for depression.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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When a control group is used in experimental research, the members of the control group will be treated exactly the same as the


A) treatment group, except that they will be exposed to the independent variable.
B) treatment group in every way.
C) control group in any other psychology study.
D) treatment group, except that they will not be exposed to the independent variable.

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

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D

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