A) alpha-hemolytic on blood agar.
B) found in up to 50% of people as normal biota.
C) a gram-positive diplococcus with a capsule.
D) a pathogen with endotoxin.
E) All of the choices are correct.
G) All of the above
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A) It presents with a purulent exudate over the tonsils.
B) It can lead to scarlet fever if it is an erythrogenic toxin-producing strain.
C) It can lead to serious sequelae.
D) It is usually caused by the viridans streptococci.
E) It causes redness, difficulty in swallowing, and fever.
G) D) and E)
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A) exotoxin
B) direct contact
C) indirect contact
D) endogenous infection
E) droplet contact
G) B) and E)
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A) influenza
B) rhinitis
C) legionella
D) diphtheria
E) SARS
G) B) and E)
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A) Genetic drift creates a need for an annual flu vaccine to keep up with the seasonal genetic changes, and if genetic shift occurs, an additional vaccine will have to be administered since the shift creates a different strainof virus.
B) Genetic drift creates a need for an annual flu vaccine to keep up with the seasonal genetic changes, and if a .genetic shift occurs, the same vaccine will be effective against both strains.
C) If a novel strain resulting from antigenic shift appears, it is not necessary to get vaccinated because these strains are typically less pathogenic than seasonal strains.
D) The worst influenza pandemics throughout history have occurred as a result of genetic drift rather than genetic shift.
F) A) and C)
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A) produces several virulence factor enzymes and an exotoxin.
B) integrates its genome into host cell DNA.
C) can survive for 8 months in fine aerosol particles.
D) has a capsule.
E) lives in the soil.
G) D) and E)
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A) primary streptococcal
B) primary viral
C) opportunistic streptococcal
D) endogenous
F) All of the above
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A) It grows in moist soil, rich in nitrogen from bird and bat droppings.
B) It is a protozoan.
C) It is a dermatophyte.
D) It grows in dry, arid soil.
F) B) and D)
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A) involves the injection of PPD intradermally.
B) uses a purified protein filtrate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
C) will be positive if person has had previous exposure.
D) will be positive in active TB.
E) All of the choices are correct.
G) B) and E)
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A) An antibody test
B) A culture from a lung aspirate
C) A skin test
D) A Gram stain of a saliva specimen
F) None of the above
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A) southeast
B) southwest
C) east and Midwest
D) northeast
E) Rocky Mountains
G) A) and B)
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A) Only people who have never had flu before will get sick from the new H3N1 variant.
B) This is not a problem because the human immune system can respond quickly to any new antigens never seen before.
C) This novel virus will spread through the human population without much resistance.
D) Since this new virus has antigens from a dog strain, the new strain will not be able to infect human cells.
F) None of the above
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A) inactivated, intramuscular vaccine.
B) usually incorporates three or four different strains.
C) attenuated, nasal drops vaccine.
D) provides lifelong immunity.
E) has an overall effectiveness of 70% - 90%.
G) A) and B)
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A) CAP symptoms include nausea and vomiting whereas HCAP involves the upper respiratory tract only.
B) CAP may be caused by a variety of pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as viruses and mycoplasmas, whereas HCAP is predominantly caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
C) CAP has a higher mortality rate that HCAP because the causative organisms are more pathogenic.
D) CAP is caused by gram-positive bacteria whereas HCAP is caused by gram-negative bacteria.
F) A) and C)
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A) The pathogen grows inside macrophages.
B) It is transmitted by inhalation of spores.
C) It causes respiratory infections that range from mild to severe.
D) Chronic cases have symptoms similar to tuberculosis.
E) It never spreads to sites outside the respiratory tract.
G) A) and C)
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A) Aspergillus fumigatus
B) Haemophilus influenzae
C) Candida albicans
D) Corynebacterium diphtheriae
E) Streptococcus pneumoniae
G) B) and D)
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A) lacks ergosterol in its plasma membrane.
B) is a bacterium.
C) is an obligate parasite.
D) causes serious infection in the elderly, premature infants, and AIDS patients.
F) A) and C)
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A) Streptococcus pyogenes
B) Aspergillus fumigatus
C) Viruses
D) Both Aspergillus fumigatus and viruses are correct.
E) Both Streptococcus pyogenes and viruses are correct.
G) A) and C)
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B) False
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B) False
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