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Beta-lactams are selectively toxic because


A) they cause hepato- and nephrotoxicity in humans.
B) they often initiate the evolution of drug-resistant organisms.
C) they inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan, which humans do not make.
D) they initiate allergic reactions in many humans.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

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The antifungal drug that can be used to treat serious systemic fungal infections is ______.


A) nystatin
B) griseofulvin
C) amphotericin B
D) sulfa drugs
E) metronidazole

F) A) and B)
G) B) and D)

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Which antibiotic is used to treat MRSA and VRE infections?


A) Synercid
B) Clindamycin
C) Linezolid
D) Azithromycin
E) Clarithromycin

F) B) and D)
G) C) and E)

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Which drug is used to treat cases of tuberculosis?


A) Penicillin G
B) Vancomycin
C) Tetracycline
D) Synercid
E) Isoniazid

F) A) and C)
G) C) and D)

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The _____ are drugs that deposit in developing teeth and cause a permanent brown discoloration.


A) streptomycins
B) cephalosporins
C) macrolides
D) tetracyclines
E) penicillins

F) A) and E)
G) C) and D)

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Which of the following phrases reflects an effective treatment of biofilms?


A) Add DNase to the antibiotics to disrupt extracellular debris
B) Interrupt quorum-sensing pathways, preventing signaling between cells
C) Pre-treat with newly-discovered antimicrobials before exposure to established drugs
D) All of the above have been shown to enhance biofilm elimination.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobials include


A) bacterial chromosomal mutations.
B) synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure.
C) prevention of drug entry into the cell.
D) alteration of drug receptors on cell targets.
E) All of the choices are correct.

F) A) and D)
G) A) and C)

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The drug that is used to treat typhoid fever and brain abscesses, but can cause aplastic anemia, is ______.


A) chloramphenicol
B) clindamycin
C) ciprofloxacin
D) bacitracin
E) gentamicin

F) None of the above
G) All of the above

Correct Answer

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A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is ______.


A) synercid
B) penicillinase
C) aztreonam
D) clavulanic acid
E) imipenem

F) A) and B)
G) A) and E)

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