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If a firm is hiring variable resources D and F in imperfectly competitive input markets,it will maximize profits by employing D and F in such quantifies that:


A) MRPD/MRCD = MRPF/MRCF = 1.
B) MRPD/MRCD = MRPF/MRCF.
C) MRPD/PD = MRPF/PF = 1.
D) MRPD/PD = MRPF/PF.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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"Player drafts" of professional athletes:


A) increase the competitiveness of the labor market for professional athletes.
B) reduce the profitability of professional sports franchises.
C) promote monopsony in the hire of professional athletes.
D) increase salaries of professional athletes.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Empirical studies suggest that,other things equal,the smaller the number of hospitals in a city,the lower are nurses' wages.This is evidence that:


A) the labor markets of nurses are purely competitive.
B) hospitals may possess some degree of monopsony power.
C) the minimum wage does not apply to nurses.
D) labor unions have been ineffective in increasing the wages of nurses.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Compensating differences in wages,pay workers for:


A) differences in worker training and skills.
B) differences in the nonmonetary characteristics of jobs.
C) geographic immobility.
D) discrimination in hiring and firing.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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Increases in the productivity of labor result partly from:


A) the law of diminishing returns.
B) improvements in technology.
C) reductions in wage rates.
D) increases in the quantity of labor.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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Use the labor demand data on the left and the labor supply data on the right in answering the following question:  Labor Demand Data  Labor Supply Data Employment0123456MarginalProduct014129742 Product  Price $3333333Employment0123456 Wage Rate $11111111111111\begin{array}{c}\underline{\text { Labor Demand Data }}\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\underline{\text { Labor Supply Data }}\\\begin{array}{c}\\\underline{\text {Employment}}\\0\\1\\2\\3\\4\\5\\6\end{array}\begin{array}{c}\text {Marginal}\\\underline{\text {Product}}\\0\\14\\12\\9\\7\\4\\2\end{array}\begin{array}{c}\text { Product }\\\underline{\text { Price } }\\\$ 3 \\3 \\3 \\3 \\3 \\3 \\3 \end{array}\begin{array}{c}\\\underline{\text {Employment}}\\0\\1\\2\\3\\4\\5\\6 \end{array}\begin{array}{c}\text { Wage}\\\underline{\text { Rate }} \\ \$ 11 \\11 \\11 \\11 \\11 \\11 \\11\end{array}\end{array} On the basis of the given information,we:


A) can say that the labor supply curve facing the firm is nonexistent.
B) cannot say whether the firm's product market is purely or imperfectly competitive.
C) can say that the firm is selling its product in a purely competitive market.
D) can say that the firm is selling its product in an imperfectly competitive market.

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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(Consider This) Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between take-home pay and fringe benefits for U.S.middle-class workers over the past several decades?


A) The ratio of take-home pay to fringe benefits has remained relatively constant.
B) The ratio of take-home pay to fringe benefits has risen significantly.
C) The ratio of take-home pay to fringe benefits has fallen significantly.
D) Both have declined steadily.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

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The XYZ Corporation's collective bargaining agreement indicates that it may hire either union or nonunion workers and that the latter are under no obligation to join the union.This agreement embodies:


A) an open shop.
B) a closed shop.
C) a union shop.
D) an agency shop.

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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Construction workers frequently sponsor political lobbying in support of greater public spending on highways and public buildings.One reason for this is to:


A) restrict the supply of construction workers.
B) increase the elasticity of demand for construction workers.
C) increase the demand for construction workers.
D) increase the price of substitute inputs.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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State right-to-work laws:


A) have been enacted by over one-half of the states in the nation.
B) make yellow dog contracts illegal.
C) allow for union shops while prohibiting closed shops.
D) make union and agency shops illegal.

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

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Marginal resource cost refers to the:


A) increase in total revenue resulting from the sale of the extra output of one more worker.
B) price at which additional units of a resource can be hired in an imperfectly competitive resource market.
C) increase in total cost resulting from the production of one more unit of output.
D) amount by which a firm's total resource cost increases as the result of hiring one more unit of the resource.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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Compensating differences in wages:


A) compensate workers for differences in their human capital.
B) are wage differences that compensate for differences in the desirability of jobs.
C) describe the tendency for the wages of all occupations to adjust to the median level.
D) do not exist if jobs have different nonmonetary characteristics.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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If an industrial union is formed to bargain with a monopsonistic employer,then in this labor market:


A) the resulting wage rate will always be above the competitive level.
B) employment may either increase or decrease.
C) employment will increase.
D) employment will decrease.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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A firm operating in a purely competitive resource market faces a resource supply curve that is:


A) perfectly inelastic.
B) perfectly elastic.
C) highly inelastic.
D) highly elastic.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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The idea of compensating differences is used:


A) by inclusive unions as an argument in bargaining for wage rate increases.
B) to justify the application of minimum wages to low-wage labor markets.
C) to explain the divergence between wage rates and marginal resource cost.
D) to explain wage rate differences based on differing nonmonetary aspects of jobs.

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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Unions might support a higher minimum wage because:


A) their constitutions obligate them to do so.
B) they feel a higher minimum wage will lower labor's tax payments for welfare programs.
C) a higher minimum wage makes less-skilled workers less substitutable for union workers.
D) the minimum wage is better targeted than are alternative income-maintenance programs.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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A firm hiring labor in a perfectly competitive labor market faces a:


A) downsloping labor supply curve and upsloping labor demand curve.
B) upsloping labor supply curve and downsloping labor demand curve.
C) upsloping labor supply curve and horizontal labor demand curve.
D) horizontal competitive wage curve and downsloping labor demand curve.

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

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A monopsonistic employer's marginal resource (labor) cost curve:


A) is always more elastic than the labor supply curve.
B) coincides with the labor supply curve.
C) lies below the labor supply curve because the higher wage paid to an additional worker must also be paid to all other employed workers.
D) lies above the labor supply curve because the higher wage paid to an additional worker must also be paid to all other employed workers.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Labor unions may attempt to raise wage rates by:


A) increasing the supply of labor.
B) forcing employers,under the threat of a strike,to pay above-equilibrium wage rates.
C) decreasing the demand for labor.
D) increasing the price of complementary resources.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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If an exclusive union is successful in restricting the supply of labor,the:


A) wage rate will rise.
B) quantity of labor demanded will rise.
C) number of job opportunities in the firm or industry will increase.
D) demand for labor curve will shift leftward.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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