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The arrangement of circular and longitudinal muscle fibers in the muscularis of the ureter is opposite to that found in the GI tract,where the circular layer is the inner layer.

A) True
B) False

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If blood oxygen levels are reduced,cells in the kidney respond by secreting the hormone _________________.

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Each kidney contains more than a million "functional units" called ___________.

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Each renal papilla empties into only one minor calyx.

A) True
B) False

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The external urethral sphincter


A) surrounds the external urethral orifice.
B) is composed of smooth muscle fibers.
C) is controlled by the somatic nervous system.
D) opens before the internal urethral sphincter during the micturition reflex.
E) All of the choices are correct.

F) B) and E)
G) C) and D)

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The triangular area within the urinary bladder that is delimited by the openings of the ureters and the urethra is called the __________.

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Which does not enter or exit the kidney at the hilum?


A) Renal artery
B) Ureter
C) Renal vein
D) Renal plexus
E) No exceptions; all choices enter or exit the kidney at the hilum.

F) A) and B)
G) None of the above

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Which layer is not found in the wall of the urinary bladder?


A) Adventitia
B) Muscularis
C) Mucosa
D) Submucosa
E) No exceptions; all layers are found in the wall of the urinary bladder.

F) A) and E)
G) None of the above

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Which is not one of the changes in the urinary system due to aging?


A) Reduced blood flow to the kidneys
B) Decrease in number of functional nephrons
C) Decreased response to aldosterone and ADH
D) Decreased glomerular filtration rate
E) Gradual increase in kidney size due to fluid retention

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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The juxtaglomerular cells release the enzyme ______________ when the macula densa cells detect low blood volume or solute concentration.

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