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Describe parent/child sleeping practices from two different cultural perspectives. What is the reason for the particular practice in each culture?

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In many U.S. families, infants have trad...

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Describe the typical changes in weight and length that the average baby will experience across his or her first year of life. Explain the meaning of norms and percentile rankings.

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The average baby doubles his or her birthweight by 4 months, and triples it by 1 year. The average baby grows 10 inches in the first year. Norms are averages based on data from a population. Norms allow one to determine whether a particular baby is bigger, smaller, or average in comparison to his or her peers. Percentile ranks are based on norms. Babies who are average will score in the 50th percentile for height and weight. Babies who are smaller than average will have a lower percentile rank, and babies who are larger than average will have a higher percentile rank.

Describe what immunizations do for the individual and public health. Tell what might happen if children are not immunized.

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Immunization is most often an injection that stimulates the body's immune system to defend against a particular disease or diseases. Immunizations have been instrumental in the sharp decrease and near eradication of many common childhood diseases-smallpox being the best example. Children who are not immunized against these illnesses are more susceptible to disease and death. However, if approximately 90 percent of a population is immunized, the few children who are not are usually still safe due to herd immunity.

Differentiate between experience-dependent and experience-expectant circumstances and provide one example of each.

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Experience-dependent circumstances may v...

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Explain the changes that occur within the infant brain during the first two years of life and discuss the importance of pruning.

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Brain growth is rapid during infancy; it...

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Describe how developed each of the five senses is at birth and how they further develop during the first months of life.

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Each of the five senses is present at bi...

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Name three ways in which malnutrition can affect a young child.

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Children who are malnourished may suffer...

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Explain how biology and environment interact in the development of gross motor skills. What would you advise for parents who are worried that their 14-month-old baby hasn't begun walking independently yet?

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The development and order of gross motor skills is largely due to biological factors, but that assumes that the environment provides adequate opportunity to practice the precursors for the skills. Since a 14-month-old baby is within the age range of normal for the development of a skill, the parent should be encouraged to provide the opportunity for the skill to develop, and then relax and wait for the skill to emerge.

Explain the ways in which the developing brain attempts to protect itself under adverse circumstances such as malnutrition or neglect.

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The growing brain protects itself throug...

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List three of the advantages and two of the disadvantages of breast-feeding.

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Breast-feeding 1) encourages attachment ...

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