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Explain what is meant by metacognition. Then describe how 9-year-old Bolgen can use metacognition to help him prepare for a spelling test. Bolgen gets 10 spelling words on Monday and is tested on Friday.

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Metacognition is "thinking about thinking," or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, including monitoring and adjusting one's performance on the task. How metacognition will be used for Bolgen's spelling test should include evaluation of the task, a plan to approach the task, and monitoring and adjusting as the task is being done. For example: On Monday, Bolgen gets the list of 10 words and realizes he knows how to spell four of the words. Rather than studying these four words, he spends Tuesday and Wednesday studying the six new words. On Wednesday evening, he quizzes himself on the six words and discovers he now knows how to spell three more. Thursday, Bolgen studies the three words he still did not know how to spell. On Friday morning before the spelling test, he quizzes himself on all 10 words in preparation for the actual exam.

Using concepts from the information-processing view of learning, list and explain the three major steps in the memory process.

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One of the three components is 1) sensory memory, also called the sensory register, which takes in information through the senses. This component stores incoming stimuli for less than a second. Very little of this information will become part of working memory or long-term memory. 2) Working memory, also called short-term memory, is the component in which current, conscious mental activity occurs. Information moves back and forth from this component as it is needed. 3) Long-term memory, the third component, stores large amounts of information for minutes, hours, days, months, or years.

Briefly describe the immersion and bilingual education approaches to teaching a second language in the United States.

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With immersion, the child's instruction ...

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Explain what Piaget meant by concrete operational thought.

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Piaget emphasized that concrete operatio...

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Define classification and seriation and provide an example for each.

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Classification is the understanding that things can be organized into groups (or categories or classes) according to some characteristic they share in common. Seriation is the understanding that things can be arranged in a logical series (such as numbers or the alphabet). An example of classification is organizing things by shape, color, or size. It can be identifying which animals belong in a group (such as mammals). Seriation examples include putting numbers or decimals in numerical order, alphabetizing a series of words, or organizing things in order of ascending (or descending) height or length. Understanding that the letters in a word must be in a specific order to spell that word is another seriation example.

A study (Crosnoe et al., 2010) of reading and math achievement of more than a thousand third- and fifth-grade children from 10 U.S. cities found that high-scoring primary school children were likely to have had extensive cognitive stimulation from three main sources. List these three main sources of intellectual activity identified by the study.

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The three main sources of intellectual a...

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Explain the process of switching codes in speech. Identify the two codes and offer a real-life example of each, including the circumstances under which each code would be typically used.

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Switching codes refers to the process of...

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Identify the three ways in which children from low-SES families differ in language compared to children from high-SES families. Then identify and explain the most important factor proven to affect language learning.

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Children from low-SES families usually h...

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In the United States, there are four types of educational environments for children: public schools, charter schools, private schools, and home schooling. Define each of these alternatives and identify which type of school the majority of children in the United States attend.

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A public school is one that is free to a...

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Describe Vygotsky's beliefs about learning, especially with respect to the zone of proximal development.

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Vygotsky believed that 1) education occu...

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